List of Intel chipsets

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This is a list of computer motherboard chipsets made by Intel. It is divided into three main categories: those that use the PCI bus for interconnection (the 4x0 series), those that connect using specialized "Hub Links" (the 8xx and Exxxx series) and those that connect using PCI Express (the 9xx series). The chipsets are listed in chronological order.

Contents

[hide]

[edit] 4x0 chipsets

[edit] 80486 Chipsets

Chipset Code Name South Bridge Release Date Processors FSB SMP Memory types Max. memory Parity/ECC L2 Cache Type PCI support
420TX Saturn November 1992 5 V 486 Up to 33 MHz No FPM 128 MB Parity Async 2.0
420EX Aries March 1994 5 V / 3.3 V 486 Up to 50 MHz No FPM 128 MB Parity Async 2.0
420ZX Saturn II March 1994 5 V / 3.3 V 486 Up to 33 MHz No FPM 160 MB Parity Async 2.1

[edit] Pentium Chipsets

Chipset Code Name Part Numbers South Bridge Release Date Processors FSB SMP Memory types Max. memory Max. cacheable Parity/ECC L2 Cache Type PCI support AGP support
430LX Mercury SIO March 1993 P60/66 66 MHz No FPM 192 MB 192 MB Parity Async 2.0 No
430NX Neptune SIO March 1994 P75+ 66 MHz Yes FPM 512 MB 512 MB Parity Async 2.0 No
430FX Triton PIIX January 1995 P75+ 66 MHz No FPM/EDO 128MB 64MB Neither Async/Pburst 2.0 No
430MX Mobile Triton MPIIX October 1995 P75+ 66 MHz No FPM/EDO 128 MB 64 MB Neither Async/Pburst 2.0 No
430HX Triton II PIIX3 February 1996 P75+ 66 MHz Yes FPM/EDO 512 MB 512/64 MB
Depend on tagram used		 Both Async/Pburst 2.1 No
430VX Triton III PIIX3 February 1996 P75+ 66 MHz No FPM/EDO/SDRAM 128 MB 64 MB Neither Async/Pburst 2.1 No
430TX n/a 82439TX PIIX4 February 1997 P75+ 66 MHz No FPM/EDO/SDRAM 256 MB 64 MB Neither Async/Pburst 2.1 No

[edit] Pentium Pro/II/III Chipsets

Chipset Code Name Part numbers South Bridge Release Date Processors 1 FSB SMP Memory types Max. memory Memory banks Parity/ECC PCI support AGP support
450KX Orion 82451KX, 82452KX, 82453KX, 82454KX Various November 1995 Pentium Pro 66 MHz Yes FPM 8 GB Both 2.0 No
450GX Orion Server 82451GX, 82452GX, 82453GX, 82454GX Various November 1995 Pentium Pro 66 MHz Yes (Up to four) FPM 8 GB Both 2.0 No
440FX Natoma 82441FX, 82442FX PIIX3 May 1996 Pentium Pro/Pentium II 66 MHz Yes FPM/EDO/BEDO 1 GB 4 Both 2.1 No
440LX Balboa 82443LX PIIX4 August 1997 Pentium II 66 MHz Yes FPM/EDO/SDRAM 1GB EDO / 512 MB SDRAM 4 Both 2.1 AGP 2x
440EX n/a 82443EX PIIX4E April 1998 Celeron/Pentium II 66 MHz No EDO/SDRAM 256 MB 2 Neither 2.1 AGP 2x
440BX Seattle 82443BX PIIX4E April 1998 Pentium II/III, Celeron 66/100 MHz Yes PC100 SDRAM 1 GB 4 Both 2.1 AGP 2x
440GX n/a 82443GX PIIX4E June 1998 Pentium II/III, Xeon 100 MHz Yes SDRAM 2 GB 4 Both 2.1 AGP 2x
450NX n/a 82451NX, 82452NX, 82453NX, 82454NX PIIX4E June 1998 Pentium II/III, Xeon 100 MHz Yes (Up to four) FPM/EDO 8 GB 4 Both 2.1 (64-bit optional) No
440ZX/440ZX-66 n/a 82443ZX PIIX4E November 1998 Celeron, Pentium II/III 100/66 MHz No SDRAM 512 MB 2 Neither 2.1 AGP 2x
440MX n/a same chip Pentium II/mobile Celeron 66/100 MHz No SDRAM 256 MB 2 Neither 2.2 No

[edit] Southbridge 4x0 chipsets

Chipset Part Number ATA support USB support CMOS/clock ISA support LPC support Power management
SIO 82378IB/ZB None None No Yes No SMM
PIIX 82371FB PIO / WDMA None No Yes No SMM
MPIIX 82371MX PIO None No Yes No SMM
PIIX3 82371SB PIO / WDMA 1 Controller, 2 Ports No Yes No SMM
PIIX4 82371AB PIO / UDMA 33 1 Controller, 2 Ports Yes Yes No SMM
PIIX4E 82371EB PIO / UDMA 33 1 Controller, 2 Ports Yes Yes No SMM

[edit] 8xx and Exxxx Chipsets

[edit] Pentium II/III Chipsets

Chipset Code Name Part numbers South Bridge Release Date Processors FSB SMP Memory types Max. memory Memory banks Parity or ECC PCI AGP slot/speed IGP
810 Whitney 82810 ICH/ICH0 April 1999 Celeron, Pentium II/III 66/100 MHz No EDO/PC100 SDRAM 512 MB 2 Neither v2.2/33 MHz No/AGP 2x Yes
810E Whitney 82810E ICH September 1999 Celeron, Pentium II/III 66/100/133 MHz No PC100 SDRAM 512 MB 2 Neither v2.2/33 MHz No/AGP 2x Yes
810E2 Whitney 8210E ICH2 Celeron, Pentium II/III 66/100/133 MHz No PC100 SDRAM 512 MB 2 Neither v2.2/33 MHz No/AGP 2x Yes
820 Camino 82820 ICH November 1999 Pentium II/III, Celeron 66/100/133 MHz Yes PC800 RDRAM/PC133 SDRAM (with MTH) 1 GB 2 Both v2.2/33 MHz Yes/AGP 4x No
840 Carmel 82840 ICH October 1999 Pentium III, Xeon 66/100/133 MHz Yes Dual-Channel PC800 RDRAM 4 GB 3x2 Both v2.2/66 MHz Yes/AGP 4x No
820E Camino 82820 ICH2 June 2000 Pentium II/III, Celeron 66/100/133 MHz Yes PC800 RDRAM/PC133 SDRAM (with MTH) 1 GB 2 Both v2.2/33 MHz Yes/AGP 4x No
815 Solano 82815 ICH June 2000 Celeron, Pentium II/III 66/100/133 MHz No PC133 SDRAM 512 MB 3 Neither v2.2/33 MHz Yes/AGP 4x No
815E Solano 82815 ICH2 June 2000 Celeron, Pentium II/III 66/100/133 MHz No PC133 SDRAM 512 MB 3 Neither v2.2/33 MHz Yes/AGP 4x No
815EP Solano 82815EP ICH2 November 2000 Celeron, Pentium II/III 66/100/133 MHz No PC133 SDRAM 512 MB 3 Neither v2.2/33 MHz Yes/AGP 4x No
815P Solano 82815EP ICH/ICH0 March 2001 Celeron, Pentium III 66/100/133 MHz No PC133 SDRAM 512 MB 3 Neither v2.2/33 MHz Yes/AGP 4x No
815G Solano 82815G ICH/ICH0 September 2001 Celeron, Pentium III 66/100/133 MHz No PC133 SDRAM 512 MB 3 Neither v2.2/33 MHz No/AGP 2x Yes
815EG Solano 82815G ICH2 September 2001 Celeron, Pentium III 66/100/133 MHz No PC133 SDRAM 512 MB 3 Neither v2.2/33 MHz No/AGP 2x Yes
830M Almador 82830M ICH3M July 2001 Celeron, Pentium III-M 66/100/133 MHz No PC133 SDRAM 1 GB 2 Neither v2.2/33 MHz Yes/AGP 4x Yes
830MG Almador 82830MG ICH3M Celeron, Pentium III-M 66/100/133 MHz No PC133 SDRAM 1 GB 2 Neither v2.2/33 MHz No/AGP 4x Yes
830MP Almador 82830MP ICH3M Celeron, Pentium III-M 66/100/133 MHz No PC133 SDRAM 1 GB 2 Neither v2.2/33 MHz Yes/AGP 4x No

[edit] Pentium 4 Chipsets

Chipset Code Name Part numbers South Bridge Release Date Processors FSB SMP Memory types Max. memory Memory banks Parity/ECC PCI Type Graphics
850 Tehama 82850 (MCH) ICH2 November 2000 Pentium 4 400 MHz No PC800/600 RDRAM 2 GB Yes/Yes AGP 4x
860 Colusa 82860 (MCH) ICH2 May 2001 Xeon 400 MHz Yes PC800/600 RDRAM 4 GB (w/2 repeaters) Yes/Yes AGP 4x
845 Brookdale 82845 (MCH) ICH2 January 2002 Celeron, Pentium 4 400 MHz No DDR 200/266 or PC133 2 GB DDR 3 GB SDR Yes/Yes AGP 4x
850E Tehama 82850E (MCH) ICH2 May 2002 Pentium 4 400/533 MHz No PC1066/800 RDRAM 2 GB Yes/Yes AGP 4x
845E Brookdale 82845E (MCH) ICH4 May 2002 Celeron, Celeron D, Pentium 4 400/533 MHz No DDR 200/266 2 GB Yes/Yes AGP 4x
845GL 82845GL (GMCH) ICH4 May 2002 Celeron, Pentium 4 400 MHz No DDR 266/333, PC133 2 GB No/No Integrated
845G 82845G (GMCH) ICH4 May 2002 Celeron, Celeron D, Pentium 4 400/533 MHz No DDR 266/333, PC133 2 GB No/No AGP 4x & Integrated
845GE 82845GE (GMCH) ICH4 October 2002 Pentium 4 400/533 MHz No DDR 266/333 2 GB No/No AGP 4x & Integrated
845PE 82845PE (MCH) ICH4 October 2002 Pentium 4 400/533 MHz No DDR 266/333 2 GB No/No AGP 4x
845GV 82845GV (GMCH) ICH4 October 2002 Celeron, Celeron D, Pentium 4 400/533 MHz No DDR 266/333, PC133 2 GB No/No Integrated
E7500 Plumas E7500 (MCH) ICH3-S February 2002 Xeon 400 MHz Yes Dual Channel DDR 200/266 16 GB Yes/Yes PCI-X
E7501 Plumas 533 E7500 (MCH) ICH3-S December 2002 Xeon, Pentium M 400/533 MHz Yes DDR 200/266 16 GB Dual Channel, 8GB Single Channel Yes/Yes PCI-X
E7505 Placer E7505 (MCH) ICH4 November 2002 Xeon 400/533 MHz Yes DDR 200/266 16 GB Yes/Yes AGP 8x
E7205 Granite Bay E7205 (MCH) ICH4 November 2002 Pentium 4 400/533 MHz No DDR 200/266 4GB Yes/Yes AGP 8x
875P Canterwood 82875P (MCH) ICH5/ICH5R April 2003 Pentium 4 533/800 MHz No DDR 266/333/400 4GB Yes/Yes AGP 8X
865G Springdale 82865G (GMCH) ICH5/ICH5R May 2003 Pentium 4 400/533/800 MHz No DDR 266/333/400 4GB No/No AGP 8x & Integrated
865P Springdale 82865P ICH5 May 2003 Pentium 4, Celeron D 400/533 MHz No DDR 266/333 4GB No/No AGP 8X
865PE Springdale 82865PE ICH5/ICH5R May 2003 Pentium 4, Celeron D 400/533/800 MHz No DDR 266/333/400 4GB No/No AGP 8x
848P 82848P (MCH) ICH5/ICH5R August 2003 Celeron, Celeron D, Pentium 4 400/533/800 MHz No DDR 266/333/400 2 GB No/No AGP 8x
865GV 82865GV (GMCH) ICH5/ICH5R September 2003 Pentium 4 400/533/800 MHz No DDR 266/333/400 4GB No/No Integrated
  • E7500 (Plumas)
    • Similar feature set to 860, but uses dual-channel DDR, and has support for PCI-X, but not AGP.
      • Sub-versions:
      • E7501 - Mostly the same as E7500, but with support for 533 MHz bus and USB 2.0.
      • E7505 (Placer) - E7501 with AGP 8x.
  • E7205 (Granite Bay)
    • Workstation chipset, supports AGP 8x and dual-channel DDR. Other features are the same as 845PE.
  • 875P (Canterwood)
    • Similar to E7205, but adds support for 800 MHz bus, DDR at 400 MHz, Communications Streaming Architecture (CSA), Serial ATA (with RAID in certain configurations) and Performance Acceleration Technology (PAT), a mode purported to cut down memory latency.
  • 865PE (Springdale)
    • 875P without PAT, though it was possible to enable PAT in some early revisions. Also lacks ECC Memory support.
      • Sub-versions:
      • 865P - The same as 865PE, but only supports 533 MHz bus and 333 MHz memory.
      • 848P - Single memory channel version of 865PE.
  • 865G (Springdale-G)
    • 865PE with integrated graphics (Intel Extreme Graphics 2). PAT never supported in any revisions.
      • Sub-versions:
      • 865GL - 865G without external AGP slot.
  • E7525 (Tumwater)
    • Dual Xeon, supports an 800 MHz bus, PCI Express and DDR-II. Other features are the same as 875/865.
      • Sub-versions:
      • E7520/E7320 (Lindenhurst) - Same feature-set as E7525, but has the PCI Express links set out in a way better suited to servers than workstations. The E7520 and E7320 chipsets are functionally equivalent, but the E7320 has fewer I/O ports [1].

[edit] Pentium M Chipsets

  • 855PM (Odem)
    • Similar feature-set to desktop 845E chipset, but optimised for low-power usage, in combination with the Pentium-M. Also has a CSA bus for the wireless chipset component.
  • 855GM (Montara-GM)
    • 855PM with added graphics core (same design as 865G). Also has the capability to use an external AGP card.
      • Sub-versions:
      • 855GME - Supports 333 MHz memory.

[edit] Itanium Chipsets

  • 460GX
    • Chipset for the original Itanium. A 4x0 series chipset in name, but actually uses "expander buses", similar in design to Hub-Link. Supports Quad-Channel 100 MHz SDRAM and PCI-X.
  • E8870
    • Supports 400 MHz bus on Itanium 2. Memory interface is natively Quad-Channel 800 MHz RDRAM, but uses Memory Repeater Hubs to support DDR memory.

[edit] 9xx Chipsets and x3x Chipsets

[edit] Core 2 Duo Chipsets

All Core 2 Duo chipsets also support Pentium D, Pentium 4 and Celeron D processors.

Detail Table:

Chipset Code Name Part numbers South Bridge Release Date Processors Extreme Processors FSB SMP Memory types Max. memory Memory banks Parity / ECC PCI Type Graphics
975X Glenwood 82975X (MCH) ICH7 / ICH7R / ICH7-DH November 2005 Core 2 Duo Core 2 Extreme, Pentium Extreme 533 / 800 / 1066 MHz No DDR2 533 / 667 / 800 8GB Yes / Yes
  • 1 PCI-Express 16x
  • 2 PCI-Express 8x
P965 Broadwater 82P965 (MCH) ICH8 / ICH8R / ICH8-DH June 2006 Core 2 Duo - 533 / 800 / 1066 MHz No DDR2 533 / 667 / 800 8GB No / No
  • PCI-Express x16
G965 Broadwater 82G965 (GMCH) ICH8 / ICH8R / ICH8-DH June 2006 Core 2 Duo - 533 / 800 / 1066 MHz No DDR2 533 / 667 / 800 8GB No / No
  • PCI-Express 16x
  • Integrated GMA X3000 graphics core
Q965 Broadwater 82Q965 (GMCH) ICH8 / ICH8R / ICH8-DH June 2006 Core 2 Duo - 533 / 800 / 1066 MHz No DDR2 533 / 667 / 800 8GB No / No
  • PCI-Express 16x
  • Integrated GMA 3000 graphics core
  • Supports ADD2 Card
X38 Bearlake (X) unknown ICH9 / ICH9R / ICH9-DH June 2007 Core 2 Quad / Core 2 Duo - 1333 MHz No DDR3 1066 8GB No / Yes
  • 2 PCI-Express 2.0 x16
P35 Bearlake (P) 82P35 (G)MCH ICH9 / ICH9R / ICH9-DH June 2007 Core 2 Quad / Core 2 Duo - 1333 MHz No DDR3 1066 / DDR2 800 8GB No / No
  • 1 PCI-Express x16
  • 1 PCI-Express x4
G35 Bearlake (G+) unknown ICH9 / ICH9R / ICH9-DH Q3 2007 Core 2 Duo - 1333 MHz No DDR3 1066 / DDR2 800 8GB No / No
G33 Bearlake (G) 83G33 (G)MCH ICH9 / ICH9R / ICH9-DH Q2 2007 Core 2 Duo - 1333 MHz No DDR3 1066 / DDR2 800 8GB No / No
Q35 Bearlake (Q) unknown ICH9 / ICH9R / ICH9-DH Q2 2007 Core 2 Duo - 1333 MHz No DDR2 800 8GB No / No
Q33 Bearlake (QF) unknown ICH9 / ICH9R Q2 2007 Core 2 Duo - 1333 MHz No DDR2 800 8GB No / No

Summary:

  • 975X (Glenwood)
    • Update of 955X, with support for ATI Crossfire Dual Graphics solutions and 65 nm processors (including Core 2 Duo, though due to voltage differences, few 975X motherboards support Core 2 Duo).
  • P965 (Broadwater)
    • Update on 945P, no native PATA support, improved memory controller with support for DDR-II at 800MHz and formal Core 2 Duo support.
  • G965 (BroadwaterG)
    • A version of P965 that has a GMA X3000 integrated graphics core.
  • Q965 (Broadwater)
    • Expected G965 intended for Intel's vPro office computing brand, with GMA 3000 instead of GMA X3000. Supports an ADD2 card to add a second display.
      • Sub-versions:
      • Q963 - Q965 without an external graphics interface or support for ADD2.
  • To be released (Bearlake)
    • The newest chipset to be released beginning in mid 2007. This chipset will provide updated support for the new Core 2 Duo E6650, E6750, E6800, and E6850. Processors with a number ending in "50" will have a 1333 MT/s FSB. Details are subject to change.

[edit] Pentium 4/D/XE Chipsets

Detail Table:

Chipset Code Name Part numbers South Bridge Release Date Processors Extreme Processors FSB SMP Memory types Max. memory Memory banks Parity / ECC PCI Type Graphics
910GL Grantsdale 82910GL (GMCH) ICH6 / ICH6R / ICH6-DH  ? Pentium 4, Celeron, Celeron D  ? 533 MHz No DDR 333/400 2GB No / No

Integrated GMA 900 graphics core

915P Grantsdale 82915P (MCH) ICH6 / ICH6R / ICH6-DH June 2004 Pentium 4, Celeron D Pentium 4 EE 533 / 800 MHz No DDR 333/400 DDR2 400 / 533 4GB No / No

PCI-Express x16

915PL Grantsdale 82915PL (MCH) ICH6 / ICH6R / ICH6-DH  ? Pentium 4, Celeron D  ? 533 / 800 MHz No DDR 333/400 2GB No / No

PCI-Express x16

915G Grantsdale-G 82915G (GMCH) ICH6 / ICH6R / ICH6-DH June 2004 Pentium 4, Celeron D Pentium 4 EE 533 / 800 MHz No DDR 333/400 DDR2 400 / 533 4GB No / No

PCI-Express x16 Integrated GMA 900 graphics core

915GL Grantsdale 82915GL (GMCH) ICH6 / ICH6R / ICH6-DH  ? Pentium 4, Celeron D  ? 533 / 800 MHz No DDR 333/400 4GB No / No

Integrated GMA 900 graphics core

915GV Grantsdale 82915GV (GMCH) ICH6 / ICH6R / ICH6-DH  ? Pentium 4, Celeron D  ? 533 / 800 MHz No DDR 333/400 DDR2 400/533 4GB No / No

Integrated GMA 900 graphics core

925X Alderwood 82925X (MCH) ICH6 / ICH6R / ICH6-DH  ? Pentium 4 Pentium 4 EE 800 MHz No DDR2 400 / 533 4GB Yes / Yes

PCI-Express x16

925XE Alderwood 82925XE (MCH) ICH6 / ICH6R / ICH6-DH  ? Pentium 4 Pentium 4 EE 800 / 1066 MHz No DDR2 400 / 533 4GB Yes / Yes

PCI-Express x16

955X Glenwood 82955X (MCH) ICH7 / ICH7R / ICH7-DH April 2005 Pentium 4, Pentium D Pentium 4 EE 800 / 1066 MHz No DDR2 533 / 667 8GB Yes / Yes

PCI-Express x16

945P Lakeport 82945P (MCH) ICH7 / ICH7R / ICH7-DH May 2005 Pentium 4, Pentium D, Celeron D - 533 / 800 / 1066 MHz No DDR2 400 / 533 / 667 4GB No / No PCI-Express x16
945PL Lakeport 82945PL (MCH) ICH7 / ICH7R / ICH7-DH  ? Pentium 4, Pentium D, Celeron D - 533 / 800 MHz No DDR2 400 / 533 2GB No / No PCI-Express x16
945G Lakeport-G 82945G (GMCH) ICH7 / ICH7R / ICH7-DH May 2005 Pentium 4, Pentium D, Celeron D - 533 / 800 / 1066 MHz No DDR2 400 / 533 / 667 4GB No / No

PCI-Express x16 Integrated GMA 950 graphics core

945GZ Lakeport-G 82945GZ (GMCH) ICH7 / ICH7R / ICH7-DH  ? Pentium 4, Pentium D, Celeron D - 533 / 800 MHz No DDR2 400 / 533 2GB No / No

Integrated GMA 950 graphics core

955X Glenwood 82955X (MCH) ICH7 / ICH7R / ICH7-DH  ? Pentium 4, Pentium D Pentium 4 EE 800 / 1066 MHz No DDR2 533 / 667 8GB Yes / Yes

PCI-Express x16

  • 915P (Grantsdale)
    • Supports Pentium 4 on an 800 MHz bus. Uses DDR memory up to 400 MHz, or DDR-II at 533 MHz. Replaces AGP and CSA with PCI Express, and also supports "Matrix RAID", a RAID mode designed to allow the usage of RAID levels 0 and 1 simultaneously with two hard drives. (Normally RAID1+0 would have required four hard drives)
      • Sub-versions:
      • 915PL - Cut-down version of 915P with no support for DDR-II and only supporting 2GB of memory.
  • 915G (Grantsdale-G)
    • 915P with an integrated graphics core GMA 900. The core is compliant with Vertex and Pixel shader versions 2.0, and has similar functionality to GeForce FX 5200 64bit and Radeon 9100 IGP, though it does not have Transform & Lighting (T&L) features.
      • Sub-versions:
      • 915GL - Same feature reductions as 915PL, but supports 4GB of memory. No support for external graphics cards.
      • 915GV - Same as 915G, but has no way of adding an external graphics card.
      • 910GL - No support for external graphics cards or 800 MHz bus.
  • 925X (Alderwood)
    • Higher end version of 915. Supports another PAT-like mode and ECC memory, and exclusively uses DDR-II RAM.
      • Sub-versions:
      • 925XE - Supports a 1066 MHz bus.
  • 945P (Lakeport)
    • Update on 915P, with support for Serial ATA II, RAID mode 5, an improved memory controller with support for DDR-II at 667 MHz and additional PCI-Express lanes. Support for DDR-I is dropped. Formal dual-core support was added to this chipset.
      • Sub-versions:
      • 945PL - No support for 1066 MHz bus, only supports 2GB of memory.
  • 945G (Lakeport-G)
    • A version of the 945P that has a GMA 950 integrated graphics core, supports a 1066 MHz bus.
      • Sub-versions:
      • 945GZ - Same feature reductions as 945PL but with an integrated graphics core. No support for external graphics cards.
  • 955X (Glenwood)
    • Update for 925X, with additional features of "Lakeport" eg. PAT features and ECC memory, and uses DDR2.

[edit] 90nm "Dothan" Pentium M/Celeron M Chipsets

  • 910GML
  • 910GMZ
  • 915PM/GM (Alviso/Alviso-GM)
    • Mobile equivalent of the 915 chipset.
      • Processor: 90nm process technology based Intel Pentium M Processors (containing 2 MB L2 Cache) and Intel Celeron M processors.
      • FSB: 400/533 MHz
      • RAM Support: DDR2 400/533MHz, Dual-Channel
      • Southbridge: ICHR6-M (mobile equivalent of ICHR6)
      • BUS: PCIe 16x, PCI, SATA, USB 2.0, IEEE 1394, PC Card, Express Card, Intel High Definition Audio
      • Mobile 915GM/915GMS/910GML includes intel integrated graphics support Intel GMA 900
      • Mobile 915GMS is optimized for small form factor laptops

Centrino branding if combined with Intel PRO/Wireless PCI minicard

Note: Officially, no 9xx chipset can have its FSB adjusted more than 10% outside of "normal" values (i.e. 400MHz, 533 MHz, 800 MHz and 1066 MHz). Some manufacturers have managed to circumvent this feature.

[edit] Intel Core Chipsets

  • 945PM/GM/GT (Calistoga)
    • Mobile equivalent of the 945 chipset.
      • Processor:
      • Intel Core Solo Processor T1300-T2600 (Yonah Core: 1.60GHz - 2.16GHz, dual core native but with second core disabled.)
      • Intel Core Duo Processor T2300-T2600 (Core solo with second core enabled, each model operates at same frequency as the Core Solo but with both cores active. 1.66GHz - 2.16GHz)
      • Intel Core 2 Duo Processor T5500-T7600 (Merom Core: 1.66GHz- 2.33GHz)
      • FSB: 667 MHz
      • RAM Support: DDR2 533/667MHz, Dual-Channel
      • Southbridge: ICHR7-M (mobile equivalent of ICHR7)
      • BUS: PCIe 16x, PCI, SATA, USB 2.0, IEEE 1394, PC Card, Express Card
      • Mobile 945GM includes intel integrated graphics support
    • Centrino branding if combined with Intel PRO/Wireless 3945ABG (802.11a/b/g) PCIe minicard
      • Centrino: Intel Core Solo + Intel 945PM/GM + Intel PRO/Wireless 3945ABG
      • Centrino Duo: Intel Core Duo + Intel 945PM/GM + Intel PRO/Wireless 3945ABG

List of Intel microprocessors

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search
For a list of Intel's microcontrollers, see List of common microcontrollers#Intel.

This generational and chronological list of Intel microprocessors attempts to present all of Intel's processors from the pioneering 4-bit 4004 (1971) to the present high-end offerings, the 64-bit Itanium 2 (2002) and Intel Core 2 and Xeon 5100 and 7100 series processors (2006). Concise technical data are given for each product.

[edit] The 4-bit processors

Contents

[hide]

[edit] Intel 4004: first single-chip microprocessor

MCS-4 Family:

  • 4004-CPU
  • 4001-ROM & 4Bit Port
  • 4002-RAM & 4Bit Port
  • 4003-10Bit Shift Registr
  • 4008-Memory+I/O Interface
  • 4009-Memory+I/O Interface

[edit] 4040

  • Introduced 4th Qtr, 1974
  • Clock speed of 500 kHz to 740 kHz using 4 to 5.185 MHz crystals
  • 0.06 MIPS
  • Bus Width 4 bits (multiplexed address/data due to limited pins)
  • PMOS
  • Number of Transistors 3,000 at 10 µm
  • Addressable Memory 640 bytes
  • Program Memory 8 KB
  • Interrupts
  • Enhanced version of 4004

MCS-40 Family:

  • 4040-CPU
  • 4101-1024-bit (256 x 4) Static RAM w/Separate I/O
  • 4201-4MHz Clock Generator
  • 4207/4209/4211-General Purpose Byte I/O Port
  • 4265-Programmable General Purpose I/O Device
  • 4269-Programmable Keyboard Display Device
  • 4289-Standard Memory Interface for MCS-4/40
  • 4308-8192-bit (1024 x 8) ROM w/ 4-bit I/O Ports
  • 4316-16384-bit (2048 x 8) Static ROM
  • 4702-2048-bit (256 x 8) EPROM
  • 4801-5.185 MHz Clock Generator Crystal for 4004/4201A or 4040/4201A

[edit] The 8-bit processors

[edit] 8008

  • Introduced April 1, 1972
  • Clock speed 500 kHz (8008-1: 800 kHz)
  • 0.05 MIPS
  • Bus Width 8 bits (multiplexed address/data due to limited pins)
  • PMOS
  • Number of Transistors 3,500 at 10 µm
  • Addressable memory 16 KB
  • Typical in dumb terminals, general calculators, bottling machines
  • Developed in tandem with 4004
  • Originally intended for use in the Datapoint 2200 terminal

[edit] 8080

[edit] 8085

  • Introduced March 1976
  • Clock speed 5 MHz
  • 0.37 MIPS
  • Bus Width 8 bits data, 16 bits address
  • Number of Transistors 6,500 at 3 µm
  • Assembly language downwards compatible with 8080.
  • Used in Toledo scale. Also was used as a computer peripheral controller - modems, harddisks, etc...
  • CMOS 80C85 in Mars Sojourner, Radio Shack Model 100 portable.
  • High level of integration, operating for the first time on a single 5 volt power supply, from 12 volts previously. Also featured two serial I/O connection,3 maskable interupts,1 Non-maskable,1 programmable,status,DMA.

MCS-85 Family:

  • 8085-CPU
  • 8155-RAM+ 3 I/O Ports+Timer
  • 8156-RAM+ 3 I/O Ports+Timer
  • 8185-SRAM
  • 8202-Dynamic RAM Controller
  • 8203-Dynamic RAM Controller
  • 8205-1 Of 8 Binary Decoder
  • 8206-Error Detection & Correction Unit
  • 8207-DRAM Controller
  • 8210-TTL To MOS Shifter & High Voltage Clock Driver
  • 8212-8 Bit I/O Port
  • 8216-4 Bit Paralell Bidirectional Bus Driver
  • 8218/8219-Bus Controller
  • 8222-Dynamic RAM Refresh Controller
  • 8226-4 Bit Paralell Bidirectional Bus Driver
  • 8231-Arithmetic Processing Unit
  • 8232-Floating Point Processor
  • 8237-DMA Controller
  • 8251-Communication Controller
  • 8253-Programmable Interval Timer
  • 8254-Programmable Interval Timer
  • 8255-Programmable Peripheral Interface
  • 8256-Multifunction Support Controller
  • 8257-DMA Controller
  • 8259-Programmable Interrupt Controller
  • 8271-Programmable Floppy Disk Controller
  • 8272-Single/Double Density Floppy Disk Controller
  • 8273-Programmable HDLC/SDLC Protocol Controller
  • 8274-Multi-Protocol Serial Controller
  • 8275-CRT Controller
  • 8276-Small System CRT Controller
  • 8278-Programmable KeyBoard Interface
  • 8279-KeyBoard/Display Controller
  • 8282-8-bit Non-Inverting Latch with Output Buffer
  • 8283-8-bit Inverting Latch with Output Buffer
  • 8291-GPIB Talker/Listener
  • 8292-GPIB Controller
  • 8293-GPIB Transceiver
  • 8294-Data Encryption/Decryption Unit+1 O/P Port
  • 8295-Dot Matrix Printer Controller
  • 8296-GPIB Transceiver
  • 8297-GPIB Transceiver
  • 8355-16,384-bit (2048 x 8) ROM with I/O
  • 8604-4096-bit (512 x 8) PROM
  • 8702-2K-bit (265 x 8 ) PROM
  • 8755-EPROM+2 I/O Ports

[edit] The bit-slice processor

[edit] 3000 Family

Introduced 3rd Qtr, 1974 Members of the family

  • 3001-Microcontrol Unit
  • 3002-2-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit slice
  • 3003-Look-ahead Carry Generator
  • 3205-High-Speed 6-bit Latch
  • 3207-Quad Bipolar-to-MOS Level Shifter and Driver
  • 3208-Hex Sense Amp and Latch for MOS Memories
  • 3210-TTL-to-MOS Level Shifter and High Voltage Clock Driver
  • 3211-ECL-to-MOS Level Shifter and High Voltage Clock Driver
  • 3212-Multimode Latch Buffer
  • 3214-Interrupt Control Unit
  • 3216/3226-Parallel,Inverting Bi-Directional Bus Driver
  • 3222-Refresh Controller for 4K NMOS DRAMs
  • 3232-Address Multiplexer and Refresh Counter for 4K DRAMs
  • 3235-Quad Bipolar-to-MOS Driver
  • 3242-Address Multiplexer and Refresh Counter for 16K DRAMs
  • 3245-Quad Bipolar TTL-to-MOS Level Shifter and Driver for 4K
  • 3246-Quad Bipolar ECL-to-MOS Level Shifter and Driver for 4K
  • 3404-High-Speed 6-bit Latch
  • 3408-Hex Sense Amp and Latch for MOS Memories

Bus Width 2-n bits data/address (depending on number of slices used)

[edit] Signal Processor

[edit] 2900 Family

  • 2910-PCM CODEC – µ LAW
  • 2911-PCM CODEC – A LAW
  • 2912-PCM Line Filters
  • 2920-Signal Processor

[edit] Digital Clocks Processor

[edit] 5000 Family

  • 5101-1024-bit (256 x 4) Static RAM
  • 5201/5202-LCD Decoder-Driver
  • 5204-Time Seconds/Date LCD Decoder-Driver
  • 5234-Quad CMOS-to-MOS Level Shifter and Driver for 4K NMOS RAMs
  • 5235-Quad CMOS TTL-to-MOS Level Shifter and Driver for 4K NMOS
  • 5244-Quad CCD Clock Driver
  • 5801-Low Power Oscillator-Divider
  • 5810-Single Chip LCD Time/Seconds/Date Watch Circuit

[edit] Old Memory

[edit] 1xxx Family

  • 1101-256-bit (256 x 1) Static RAM
  • 1402-1024-bit (256 x 4) Dynamic Shift Register
  • 1403-1024-bit (256 x 4) Dynamic Shift Register
  • 1404-1024-bit (256 x 4) Dynamic Shift Register
  • 1405-512-bit (512 x 1) Dynamic Recirculating Shift Register
  • 1406-200-bit (100 x 2) Dynamic Shift Register
  • 1407-200-bit (100 x 2) Dynamic Shift Register (20 Kohm output)
  • 1506-200-bit (100 x 2) Dynamic Shift Register
  • 1507-200-bit (100 x 2) Dynamic Shift Register (20 Kohm output)
  • 1602-2048-bit (256 x 8) Static PROM
  • 1702-2048-bit (256 x 8) Static PROM
  • S714-2048-bit (256 x 8) Static PROM

[edit] 2xxx Family

  • 2101-1024-bit (256 x 4) Static RAM w/Separate I/O
  • 2102-1024-bit (1024 x 1) Static RAM w/Separate I/O
  • 2104-4096-bit (4096 x 1) Dynamic RAM
  • 2105-1024-bit (1024 x 1) Dynamic RAM
  • 2107-4096-bit (4096 x 1) Dynamic RAM
  • 2108-8192-bit (8192 x 1) Dynamic RAM
  • 2109-8192-bit (8192 x 1) Dynamic RAM
  • 2111-1024-bit (256 x 4) Static RAM w/Common I/O
  • 2112-1024-bit (256 x 4) Static RAM w/Common I/O
  • 2114-4096-bit (1024 x 4) Static RAM w/Common I/O
  • 2115-1024-bit (1024 x 1) Static RAM
  • 2116-16,384-bit (16,384 x 1) Dynamic RAM
  • 2117-16,384-bit (16,384 x 1) Dynamic RAM
  • 2118-16,384-bit (16,384 x 1) Dynamic RAM
  • 2125-1024-bit (1024 x 1) Static RAM
  • 2141-4096-bit (4096 x 1) Static RAM w/Separate I/O
  • 2142-4096-bit (1024 x 4) Static RAM w/Common I/O
  • 2147-4096-bit (4096 x 1) Static RAM w/Separate I/O
  • 2148-4096-bit (1024 x 4) Static RAM w/Common I/O
  • 2149-4096-bit (1024 x 4) Static RAM w/Common I/O
  • 2308-8192-bit (1024 x 8) Static ROM
  • 2316-16,384-bit (2048 x 8) Static ROM
  • 2401-2048-bit (1024 x 2) Dynamic Recirculating Shift Register
  • 2405-2048-bit (1024 x 2) Dynamic Recirculating Shift Register
  • 2416-16384-bit (16384 x 1) CCD Memory
  • 2608-8192-bit (1024 x 8) PROM
  • 2616-16,384-bit (2048 x 8) Static PROM
  • 2704-4096-bit (512 x 8) EPROM
  • 2708-4096-bit (512 x 8) EPROM
  • 2716-16384-bit (2048 x 8) Static EPROM
  • 2732-32,768-bit (4096 x 8) EPROM
  • 2758-8192-bit (1024 x 8) Static EPROM w/Single 5V

[edit] 3xxx Family

  • 3301-1024-bit (256 x 4) Static ROM
  • 3302-2048-bit (512 x 4) Static ROM
  • 3304-4096-bit (1024 x 4 or 512 x 8) Static ROM
  • 3322-2048-bit (512 x 4) Static ROM
  • 3324-4096-bit (1024 x 4 or 512 x 8) Static ROM
  • 3601-1024-bit (256 x 4) PROM
  • 3602-2048-bit (512 x 4) PROM
  • 3604-4096-bit (512 x 8) PROM
  • 3605-4096-bit (1024 x 4) PROM
  • 3608-8192-bit (1024 x 8) PROM
  • 3621-1024-bit (256 x 4) PROM
  • 3622-2048-bit (512 x 4) PROM
  • 3624-4096-bit (512 x 8) PROM
  • 3625-4096-bit (1024 x 4) PROM
  • 3628-8192-bit (1024 x 8) PROM
  • 3636-16,384-bit (2048 x 8) PROM

[edit] 7xxx Family

  • 7110-1,048,576-bit Bubble Memory
  • 7220-Bubble Memory Controller for Intel 7110 Bubble Memory
  • 7230-Current Pulse Generator for Intel 7110 Bubble Memory
  • 7242-Dual Formatter/Sense Amplifier for Intel 7110 Bubble
  • 7250-Coil Predriver (CPD) for Intel 7110 Bubble Memory
  • 7254-Driver Transistor for Intel 7110 Bubble Memory

[edit] The 16-bit processors: origin of x86

[edit] 8086

  • Introduced June 8, 1978
  • Clock speeds:
    • 5 MHz with 0.33 MIPS
    • 8 MHz with 0.66 MIPS
    • 10 MHz with 0.75 MIPS
  • The memory is divided into odd and even banks. It accesses both the banks simultaneuosly in order to read 16 bit of data in one clock cycle.
  • Bus Width 16 bits data, 20 bits address
  • Number of Transistors 29,000 at 3 µm
  • Addressable memory 1 megabyte
  • 10X the performance of 8080
  • Used in portable computing
  • Used segment registers to access more than 64 KB of data at once, bane of programmers' existence for years to come

[edit] 8088

  • Introduced June 1, 1979
  • Clock speeds:
    • 5 MHz with 0.33 MIPS
    • 8 MHz with 0.75 MIPS
  • Internal architecture 16 bits
  • External bus Width 8 bits data, 20 bits address
  • Number of Transistors 29,000 at 3 µm
  • Addressable memory 1 megabyte
  • Identical to 8086 except for its 8 bit external bus (hence an 8 instead of a 6 at the end)
  • Used in IBM PCs and PC clones


iAPX 432 (chronological entry)

[edit] 80186

  • Introduced 1982
  • Used mostly in embedded applications - controllers, point-of-sale systems, terminals, and the like
  • Used in several MS-DOS non-PC-Compatible computers including RM Nimbus, Tandy 2000
  • Included two timers, a DMA controller, and an interrupt controller on the chip in addition to the processor
  • Later renamed the iAPX 186

[edit] 80188

  • A version of the 80186 with an 8-bit external data bus
  • Later renamed the iAPX 188

[edit] 80286

  • Introduced February 1, 1982
  • Clock speeds:
    • 6 MHz with 0.9 MIPS
    • 8 MHz, 10 MHz with 1.5 MIPS
    • 12.5 MHz with 2.66 MIPS
    • 16 MHZ, 20MHz and 25MHz available.
  • Bus Width 16 bits
  • Included memory protection hardware to support multitasking operating systems with per-process address space
  • Number of Transistors 134,000 at 1.5 µm
  • Addressable memory 16 MB
  • Added protected-mode features to 8086 with essentially the same instruction set
  • 3-6X the performance of the 8086
  • Widely used in PC clones at the time
  • Can scan the Encyclopædia Britannica in 45 seconds

[edit] 32-bit processors: the non-x86 microprocessors

[edit] iAPX 432

  • Introduced January 1, 1981 as Intel's first 32-bit microprocessor
  • Object/capability architecture
  • Microcoded operating system primitives
  • One tebrabyte virtual address space
  • Hardware support for fault tolerance
  • Two-chip General Data Processor (GDP), consists of 43201 and 43202
  • 43203 Interface Processor (IP) interfaces to I/O subsystem
  • 43204 Bus Interface Unit (BIU) simplifies building multiprocessor systems
  • 43205 Memory Control Unit (MCU)
  • Architecture and execution unit internal data paths 32 bit
  • Clock speeds:
    • 5 MHz
    • 7 MHz
    • 8 MHz

[edit] i960 aka 80960

  • Introduced April 5, 1988
  • RISC-like 32-bit architecture
  • predominantly used in embedded systems
  • Evolved from the capability processor developed for the BiiN joint venture with Siemens
  • Many variants identified by two-letter suffixes.


80386SX (chronological entry)


80376 (chronological entry)

[edit] i860 aka 80860

[edit] XScale

  • Introduced August 23, 2000
  • 32-bit RISC microprocessor based on the ARM architecture
  • Many variants, such as the PXA2xx applications processors, IOP3xx I/O processors and IXP2xxx and IXP4xx network processors.

[edit] 32-bit processors: the 80386 range

[edit] 80386DX

  • Introduced October 17, 1985
  • Clock speeds:
    • 16 MHz with 5 to 6 MIPS
    • 20 MHz with 6 to 7 MIPS, introduced 16 February 1987
    • 25 MHz with 8.5 MIPS, introduced 4 April 1988
    • 33 MHz with 11.4 MIPS (9.4 SPECint92 on Compaq/i 16K L2), introduced 10 April 1989
  • Bus Width 32 bits
  • Number of Transistors 275,000 at 1 µm
  • Addressable memory 4 GB
  • Virtual memory 64 TB
  • First x86 chip to handle 32-bit data sets
  • Reworked and expanded memory protection support including paged virtual memory and virtual-86 mode, features required by Windows 95 and OS/2 Warp
  • Used in Desktop computing
  • Can address enough memory to manage an eight-page history of every person on earth
  • Can scan the Encyclopædia Britannica in 12.5 seconds


80960 (i960) (chronological entry)

[edit] 80386SX

  • Introduced June 16, 1988
  • Clock speeds:
    • 16 MHz with 2.5 MIPS
    • 20 MHz with 2.5 MIPS, 25 MHz with 2.7 MIPS, introduced 25 January 1989
    • 33 MHz with 2.9 MIPS, introduced 26 October 1992
  • Internal architecture 32 bits
  • External data bus width 16 bits
  • External address bus width 24 bits
  • Number of Transistors 275,000 at 1 µm
  • Addressable memory 16 MB
  • Virtual memory 1 TB
  • Narrower buses enable low-cost 32-bit processing
  • Used in entry-level desktop and portable computing

[edit] 80376

  • Introduced January 16, 1989; Discontinued June 15, 2001
  • Variant of 386 intended for embedded systems
  • No "real mode", starts up directly in "protected mode"
  • Replaced by much more successful 80386EX from 1994


80860 (i860) (chronological entry)


80486DX (chronological entry)

[edit] 80386SL

  • Introduced October 15, 1990
  • Clock speeds:
  • Internal architecture 32 bits
  • External bus width 16 bits
  • Number of Transistors 855,000 at 1 µm
  • Addressable memory 4 GB
  • Virtual memory 1 TB
  • First chip specifically made for portable computers because of low power consumption of chip
  • Highly integrated, includes cache, bus, and memory controllers


80486SX/DX2/SL, Pentium, 80486DX4 (chronological entries)

[edit] 80386EX

  • Introduced August 1994
  • Variant of 80386SX intended for embedded systems
  • Static core, i.e. may run as slowly (and thus, power efficiently) as desired, down to full halt
  • On-chip peripherals:
    • Clock and power mgmt
    • Timers/counters
    • Watchdog timer
    • Serial I/O units (sync and async) and parallel I/O
    • DMA
    • RAM refresh
    • JTAG test logic
  • Significantly more successful than the 80376
  • Used aboard several orbiting satellites and microsatellites
  • Used in NASA's FlightLinux project

[edit] 32-bit processors: the 80486 range

[edit] 80486DX

  • Introduced April 10, 1989
  • Clock speeds:
    • 25 MHz with 20 MIPS (16.8 SPECint92, 7.40 SPECfp92)
    • 33 MHz with 27 MIPS (22.4 SPECint92 on Micronics M4P 128 KB L2), introduced 7 May 1990
    • 50 MHz with 41 MIPS (33.4 SPECint92, 14.5 SPECfp92 on Compaq/50L 256 KB L2), introduced 24 June 1991
  • Bus Width 32 bits
  • Number of Transistors 1.2 million at 1 µm; the 50 MHz was at 0.8 µm
  • Addressable memory 4 GB
  • Virtual memory 1 TB
  • Level 1 cache of 8 KB on chip
  • Math coprocessor on chip
  • 50X performance of the 8088
  • Used in Desktop computing and servers
  • Family 4 model 3


80386SL (chronological entry)

[edit] 80486SX

  • Introduced April 22, 1991
  • Clock speeds:
  • Bus Width 32 bits
  • Number of Transistors 1.185 million at 1 µm and 900,000 at 0.8 µm
  • Addressable memory 4 GB
  • Virtual memory 1 TB
  • Identical in design to 486DX but without math coprocessor. The first version was an 80486DX with disabled mathco in the chip and different pin configuration. If the user needed math co capabilities, he must add 487SX which was actually an 486DX with different pin configuration to prevent the user from installing an 486DX instead of 487SX, so with this configuration 486SX+487SX you had 2 identical CPU's with only 1 turned on)
  • Used in low-cost entry to 486 CPU desktop computing
  • Upgradable with the Intel OverDrive processor
  • Family 4 model 2

[edit] 80486DX2

  • Introduced March 3, 1992
  • Clock speeds:
    • 20 MHz
    • 40 MHz
    • 50 MHz
    • 66 MHz
    • 100 MHz

[edit] 80486SL

  • Introduced November 9, 1992
  • Clock speeds:
    • 20 MHz with 15.4MIPS
    • 25 MHz with 19 MIPS
    • 33 MHz with 25 MIPS
  • Bus Width 32 bits
  • Number of Transistors 1.4 million at 0.8 µm
  • Addressable memory 4 GB
  • Virtual memory 1 TB
  • Used in notebook computers
  • Family 4 model 3


Pentium (chronological entry)

[edit] 80486DX4

  • Introduced March 7, 1994
  • Clock speeds:
    • 75 MHz with 53 MIPS (41.3 SPECint92, 20.1 SPECfp92 on Micronics M4P 256 KB L2)
    • 100 MHz with 70.7 MIPS (54.59 SPECint92, 26.91 SPECfp92 on Micronics M4P 256 KB L2)
  • Number of Transistors 1.6 million at 0.6 µm
  • Bus width 32 bits
  • Addressable memory 4 GB
  • Virtual memory 64 TB
  • Pin count 168 PGA Package, 208 sq ftP Package
  • Die size 345 mm²
  • Used in high performance entry-level desktops and value notebooks
  • Family 4 model 8

[edit] 32-bit processors: the Pentium ("I")

[edit] Pentium ("Classic")

  • Bus width 64 bits
  • System bus speed 60 or 66 MHz
  • Address bus 32 bits
  • Addressable Memory 4 GB
  • Virtual Memory 64 TB
  • Superscalar architecture brought 5X the performance of the 33 MHz 486DX processor
  • Runs on 5 volts
  • Used in desktops
  • 16 KB of L1 cache
  • P5 - 0.8 µm process technology
    • Introduced March 22, 1993
    • Number of transistors 3.1 million
    • Socket 4 273 pin PGA processor package
    • Package dimensions 2.16" x 2.16"
    • Family 5 model 1
    • Variants
      • 60 MHz with 100 MIPS (70.4 SPECint92, 55.1 SPECfp92 on Xpress 256 KB L2)
      • 66 MHz with 112 MIPS (77.9 SPECint92, 63.6 SPECfp92 on Xpress 256 KB L2)
  • P54 - 0.6 µm process technology
  • P54C - 0.35 µm process technology
    • Number of transistors 3.3 million
    • 90 mm² die size
    • Family 5 model 2
    • Variants


80486DX4 (chronological entry)


80386EX (Intel386 EX) (chronological entry)


Pentium Pro (chronological entry)

[edit] Pentium MMX

[edit] 32-bit processors: P6/Pentium M microarchitecture

[edit] Pentium Pro

  • Introduced November 1, 1995
  • Precursor to Pentium II and III
  • Primarily used in server systems
  • Socket 8 processor package (387 pins) (Dual SPGA)
  • Number of transistors 5.5 million
  • Family 6 model 1
  • 0.6 µm process technology
    • 16 KB L1 cache
    • 256 KB integrated L2 cache
    • 60 MHz system bus speed
    • Variants
      • 150 MHz
  • 0.35 µm process technology, or 0.35 µm CPU with 0.6 µm L2 cache
    • Number of transistors 5.5 million
    • 512 KB or 256 KB integrated L2 cache
    • 60 or 66 MHz system bus speed
    • Variants
      • 166 MHz (66 MHz bus speed, 512 KB 0.35 µm cache) Introduced November 1, 1995
      • 180 MHz (60 MHz bus speed, 256 KB 0.6 µm cache) Introduced November 1, 1995
      • 200 MHz (66 MHz bus speed, 256 KB 0.6 µm cache) Introduced November 1, 1995
      • 200 MHz (66 MHz bus speed, 512 KB 0.35 µm cache) Introduced November 1, 1995
      • 200 MHz (66 MHz bus speed, 1 MB 0.35 µm cache) Introduced August 18, 1997

[edit] Pentium II

[edit] Celeron (Pentium II-based)


Pentium II Xeon (chronological entry)

[edit] Pentium III

[edit] Pentium II and III Xeon

  • PII Xeon
  • PIII Xeon
    • Introduced October 25, 1999
    • Number of transistors: 9.5 million at 0.25 µm or 28 million at 0.18 µm)
    • L2 cache is 256 KB, 1 MB, or 2 MB Advanced Transfer Cache (Integrated)
    • Processor Package Style is Single Edge Contact Cartridge (S.E.C.C.2) or SC330
    • System Bus Speed 133 MHz (256 KB L2 cache) or 100 MHz (1 - 2 MB L2 cache)
    • System Bus Width 64 bit
    • Addressable memory 64 GB
    • Used in two-way servers and workstations (256 KB L2) or 4- and 8-way servers (1 - 2 MB L2)
    • Family 6 model 10
    • Variants

[edit] Celeron (Pentium III Coppermine-based)


XScale (chronological entry)


Pentium 4 (not 4EE, 4E, 4F), Itanium, P4-based Xeon, Itanium 2 (chronological entries)

  • Introduced April 2000 – July 2002
  • See main entries

[edit] Celeron (Pentium III Tualatin-based)

  • Tualatin Celeron - 0.13 µm process technology
    • 32 KB L1 cache
    • 256 KB Advanced Transfer L2 cache
    • 100 MHz system bus speed
    • Family 6 model 11
    • Variants
      • 1.0 GHz
      • 1.1 GHz
      • 1.2 GHz
      • 1.3 GHz
      • 1.4 GHz

[edit] Pentium M

  • Banias 0.13 µm process technology
    • Introduced March 2003
    • 64 KB L1 cache
    • 1 MB L2 cache (integrated)
    • Based on Pentium III core, with SSE2 SIMD instructions and deeper pipeline
    • Number of transistors 77 million
    • Micro-FCPGA, Micro-FCBGA processor package
    • Heart of the Intel mobile "Centrino" system
    • 400 MHz Netburst-style system bus
    • Family 6 model 9
    • Variants
      • 900 MHz (Ultra low voltage)
      • 1.0 GHz (Ultra low voltage)
      • 1.1 GHz (Low voltage)
      • 1.2 GHz (Low voltage)
      • 1.3 GHz
      • 1.4 GHz
      • 1.5 GHz
      • 1.6 GHz
      • 1.7 GHz
  • Dothan 0.09 µm (90 nm) process technology
    • Introduced May 2004
    • 2 MB L2 cache
    • Revised data prefetch unit
    • 400 MHz Netburst-style system bus
    • 21W TDP
    • Variants
      • 1.00 GHz (Pentium M 723) (Ultra low voltage, 5W TDP)
      • 1.10 GHz (Pentium M 733) (Ultra low voltage, 5W TDP)
      • 1.20 GHz (Pentium M 753) (Ultra low voltage, 5W TDP)
      • 1.30 GHz (Pentium M 718) (Low voltage, 10W TDP)
      • 1.40 GHz (Pentium M 738) (Low voltage, 10W TDP)
      • 1.50 GHz (Pentium M 758) (Low voltage, 10W TDP)
      • 1.60 GHz (Pentium M 778) (Low voltage, 10W TDP)
      • 1.40 GHz (Pentium M 710)
      • 1.50 GHz (Pentium M 715)
      • 1.60 GHz (Pentium M 725)
      • 1.70 GHz (Pentium M 735)
      • 1.80 GHz (Pentium M 745)
      • 2.00 GHz (Pentium M 755)
      • 2.10 GHz (Pentium M 765)
  • Dothan 533 0.09 µm (90 nm) process technology
    • Introduced Q1 2005
    • Same as Dothan except with a 533 MHz NetBurst-style system bus and 27W TDP
    • Variants
      • 1.60 GHz (Pentium M 730)
      • 1.73 GHz (Pentium M 740)
      • 1.86 GHz (Pentium M 750)
      • 2.00 GHz (Pentium M 760)
      • 2.13 GHz (Pentium M 770)
      • 2.26 GHz (Pentium M 780)
  • Stealey 0.09 µm (90 nm) process technology
    • Introduced Q2 2007
    • 512 KB L2, 3-6W TDP
    • Variants
      • 600 MHz (A100)
      • 800 MHz (A110)

[edit] Celeron M

  • Banias-512 0.13 µm process technology
    • Introduced March 2003
    • 64 KB L1 cache
    • 512 KB L2 cache (integrated)
    • SSE2 SIMD instructions
    • No SpeedStep technology, is not part of the 'Centrino' package
    • Family 6 model 9
    • Variants
      • 310 - 1.20 GHz
      • 320 - 1.30 GHz
      • 330 - 1.40 GHz
      • 340 - 1.50 GHz
  • Dothan-1024 90 nm process technology
    • 64 KB L1 cache
    • 1 MB L2 cache (integrated)
    • SSE2 SIMD instructions
    • No SpeedStep technology, is not part of the 'Centrino' package
    • Variants
      • 350 - 1.30 GHz
      • 350J - 1.30 GHz, with Execute Disable bit
      • 360 - 1.40 GHz
      • 360J - 1.40 GHz, with Execute Disable bit
      • 370 - 1.50 GHz, with Execute Disable bit
        • Family 6, Model 13, Stepping 8[1]
      • 380 - 1.60 GHz, with Execute Disable bit
      • 390 - 1.70 GHz, with Execute Disable bit
  • Yonah-1024 65 nm process technology
    • 64 KB L1 cache
    • 1 MB L2 cache (integrated)
    • SSE3 SIMD instructions, 533MHz front-side bus, execute-disable bit
    • No SpeedStep technology, is not part of the 'Centrino' package
    • Variants
      • 410 - 1.46 GHz
      • 420 - 1.60 GHz,
      • 423 - 1.06 GHz (ultra low voltage)
      • 430 - 1.73 GHz
      • 440 - 1.86 GHz
      • 443 - 1.20 GHz (ultra low voltage)
      • 450 - 2.00 GHz
  • Merom-1024 65 nm process technology
    • 64 KB L1 cache
    • 1 MB L2 cache (integrated)
    • SSE3 SIMD instructions, 533MHz front-side bus, execute-disable bit, 64-bit
    • No SpeedStep technology, is not part of the 'Centrino' package
    • Variants
      • 520 - 1.60 GHz

[edit] Intel Core

  • Yonah 0.065 µm (65 nm) process technology
    • Introduced January 2006
    • 667 MHz frontside bus
    • 2 MB (Shared on Duo) L2 cache
    • SSE3 SIMD instructions
    • Variants:
      • Intel Core Duo T2700 2.33 GHz
      • Intel Core Duo T2600 2.16 GHz
      • Intel Core Duo T2500 2.00 GHz
      • Intel Core Duo T2400 1.83 GHz
      • Intel Core Duo T2300 1.66 GHz
      • Intel Core Duo T2050 1.60 GHz
      • Intel Core Solo T1350 1.86 GHz
      • Intel Core Solo T1300 1.66 GHz
      • Intel Core Solo T1200 1.50 GHz [2]

[edit] Dual-Core Xeon LV

  • Sossaman 0.065 µm (65 nm) process technology
    • Introduced March 2006
    • Based on Yonah core, with SSE3 SIMD instructions
    • 667 MHz frontside bus
    • 2 MB Shared L2 cache
    • Variants
      • 2.0 GHz

[edit] Intel Pentium Dual-Core

  • 0.065 µm (65 nm) process technology
    • 533 MHz frontside bus
    • 1 MB Shared L2 cache
    • SSE3 SIMD instructions
    • Variants:
      • Pentium dual-core T2080 1.73 GHz
      • Pentium dual-core T2060 1.60 GHz

[edit] 32-bit processors: NetBurst microarchitecture

[edit] Pentium 4

  • 0.18 µm process technology (1.40 and 1.50 GHz)
    • Introduced November 20, 2000
    • L2 cache was 256 KB Advanced Transfer Cache (Integrated)
    • Processor Package Style was PGA423, PGA478
    • System Bus Speed 400 MHz
    • SSE2 SIMD Extensions
    • Number of Transistors 42 million
    • Used in desktops and entry-level workstations
  • 0.18 µm process technology (1.7 GHz)
    • Introduced April 23, 2001
    • See the 1.4 and 1.5 chips for details
  • 0.18 µm process technology (1.6 and 1.8 GHz)
    • Introduced July 2, 2001
    • See 1.4 and 1.5 chips for details
    • Core Voltage is 1.15 volts in Maximum Performance Mode; 1.05 volts in Battery Optimized Mode
    • Power <1 watt in Battery Optimized Mode
    • Used in full-size and then light mobile PCs
  • 0.18 µm process technology Willamette (1.9 and 2.0 GHz)
  • Family 15 model 1
  • Pentium 4 (2 GHz, 2.20 GHz)
  • Pentium 4 (2.4 GHz)
  • 0.13 µm process technology Northwood A (1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6 GHz)
    • Improved branch prediction and other microcodes tweaks
    • 512 KB integrated L2 cache
    • Number of transistors 55 million
    • 400 MHz system bus.
  • Family 15 model 2
  • 0.13 µm process technology Northwood B (2.26, 2.4, 2.53, 2.66, 2.8, 3.06 GHz)
  • 0.13 µm process technology Northwood C (2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, 3.2, 3.4 GHz)
    • 800 MHz system bus (all versions include Hyper Threading)
    • 6500 to 10000 MIPS


Itanium (chronological entry)

[edit] Xeon

  • Official designation now Xeon, i.e. not "Pentium 4 Xeon"
  • Xeon 1.4, 1.5, 1.7 GHz
    • Introduced May 21, 2001
    • L2 cache was 256 KB Advanced Transfer Cache (Integrated)
    • Processor Package Style was Organic Lan Grid Array 603 (OLGA 603)
    • System Bus Speed 400 MHz
    • SSE2 SIMD Extensions
    • Used in high-performance and mid-range dual processor enabled workstations
  • Xeon 2.0 GHz and up to 3.6 GHz


Itanium 2 (chronological entry)

[edit] Mobile Pentium 4-M

  • 0.13 µm process technology
  • 55 million transistors
  • cache L2 512 KB
  • BUS a 400 MHz
  • Supports up to 1 GB of DDR 266 MHz Memory
  • Supports ACPI 2.0 and APM 1.2 System Power Management
  • 1.3 V - 1.2 V (SpeedStep)
  • Power: 1.2 GHz 20.8 W, 1.6 GHz 30 W, 2.6 GHz 35 W
  • Sleep Power 5 W (1.2 V)
  • Deeper Sleep Power = 2.9 W (1.0 V)
    • 1.40 GHz - 23 April 2002
    • 1.50 GHz - 23 April 2002
    • 1.60 GHz - 4 March 2002
    • 1.70 GHz - 4 March 2002
    • 1.80 GHz - 23 April 2002
    • 1.90 GHz - 24 June 2002
    • 2.00 GHz - 24 June 2002
    • 2.20 GHz - 16 September 2002
    • 2.40 GHz - 14 January 2003
    • 2.40 GHz - 14 January 2003
    • 2.50 GHz - 16 April 2003
    • 2.60 GHz - 11 June 2003

[edit] Pentium 4 EE

  • Introduced September 2003
  • EE = "Extreme Edition"
  • Built from the Xeon's "Gallatin" core, but with 2 MB cache

[edit] Pentium 4E

  • Introduced February 2004
  • built on 0.09 µm (90 nm) process technology Prescott (2.4A, 2.8, 2.8A, 3.0, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 3.8) 1 MB L2 cache
  • 533 MHz system bus (2.4A and 2.8A only)
  • Number of Transistors 125 million on 1 MB Models
  • Number of Transistors 169 million on 2 MB Models
  • 800 MHz system bus (all other models)
  • Hyper-Threading support is only available on CPUs using the 800 MHz system bus.
  • The processor's integer instruction pipeline has been increased from 20 stages to 31 stages, which theoretically allows for even greater clock speeds.
  • 7500 to 11000 MIPS
  • LGA-775 versions are in the 5xx series (32-bit) and 5x1 series (with Intel 64)
  • The 6xx series has 2 MB L2 cache and Intel 64

[edit] Pentium 4F

  • Introduced Spring 2004
  • same core as 4E, "Prescott"
  • 3.2–3.6 GHz
  • starting with the D0 stepping of this processor, Intel 64 64-bit extensions has also been incorporated

[edit] 64-bit processors: IA-64

  • New instruction set, not at all related to x86.
  • Before the feature was eliminated (Montecito, July 2006) IA-64 processors supported 32-bit x86 in hardware, but slowly.

[edit] Itanium

[edit] Itanium 2

  • Released July 2002
  • 900 MHz and 1 GHz


Pentium M (chronological entry)


Pentium 4EE, 4E (chronological entries)

  • Introduced September 2003, February 2004, respectively
  • See main entries

[edit] 64-bit processors: Intel64 - NetBurst

  • Intel® Extended Memory 64 Technology
  • Mostly compatible with AMD's AMD64 architecture
  • Introduced Spring 2004, with the Pentium 4F (D0 and later P4 steppings)

[edit] Pentium 4F, D0 and later steppings

  • Starting with the D0 stepping of this processor, x86-64 extensions are supported

[edit] Pentium D

Main article: List of Intel Pentium D microprocessors
  • Smithfield - 90 nm process technology (2.8–3.4 GHz)
    • Introduced May 26, 2005
    • 2.8–3.4 GHz (model numbers 820-840)
    • Number of Transistors 230 million
    • 1 MB x 2 (non-shared, 2 MB total) L2 cache
    • Cache coherency between cores requires communication over the FSB
    • Performance increase of 60% over similarly clocked Prescott
    • 2.66 GHz (533 MHz FSB) Pentium D 805 introduced December 2005
  • Presler - 65 nm process technology (2.8–3.6 GHz)
    • Introduced January 16, 2006
    • 2.8–3.6 GHz (model numbers 920-960)
    • Number of Transistors 376 million
    • 2 MB x 2 (non-shared, 4 MB total) L2 cache

[edit] Pentium Extreme Edition

  • Smithfield - 90 nm process technology (3.2 GHz)
    • Variants
      • Pentium 840 EE - 3.20 GHz (2 x 1 MB L2)
  • Presler - 65 nm process technology (3.46, 3.73)
    • 2 MB x 2 (non-shared, 4 MB total) L2 cache
    • Variants
      • Pentium 955 EE - 3.46 GHz
      • Pentium 965 EE - 3.73 GHz

[edit] Xeon

  • Nocona
  • Irwindale
  • Cranford
  • Potomac
    • Introduced April 2005
    • Cranford with 8 MB of L3 cache
  • Paxville DP (2.8 GHz)
    • Introduced October 10, 2005
    • Dual-core version of Irwindale, with 4 MB of L2 Cache (2 MB per core)
    • 2.8 GHz
    • 800 MT/s front side bus
  • Paxville MP - 90 nm process (2.67 - 3.0 GHz)
    • Introduced November 1, 2005
    • Dual-Core Xeon 7000 series
    • MP-capable version of Paxville DP
    • 2 MB of L2 Cache (1 MB per core) or 4 MB of L2 (2 MB per core)
    • 667 MT/s FSB or 800 MT/s FSB
  • Dempsey - 65 nm process (2.67 - 3.73 GHz)
    • Introduced May 23, 2006
    • Dual-Core Xeon 5000 series
    • MP version of Presler
    • 667 MT/s or 1066 MT/s FSB
    • 4 MB of L2 Cache (2 MB per core)
    • Socket J, also known as LGA 771.
  • Tulsa - 65 nm process (2.5 - 3.4 GHz)
    • Introduced August 29, 2006
    • Dual-Core Xeon 7100-series
    • Improved version of Paxville MP
    • 667 MT/s or 800 MT/s FSB

[edit] 64-bit processors: Intel64 - Intel Core microarchitecture

[edit] Xeon

  • Woodcrest - 65 nm process technology
    • Server and Workstation CPU (SMP support for dual CPU system)
    • Introduced June 26, 2006
    • Dual-Core
    • Intel Virtualization Technology, multiple OS support
    • EIST (Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology) in 5140, 5148LV, 5150, 5160
    • Execute Disable Bit
    • LaGrande Technology, enhanced security hardware extensions
    • SSSE3 SIMD instructions
    • iAMT2 (Intel Active Management Technology), remotely manage computers
    • Variants
      • Xeon 5160 - 3.00 GHz (4 MB L2, 1333 MHz FSB, 80 W)
      • Xeon 5150 - 2.66 GHz (4 MB L2, 1333 MHz FSB, 65 W)
      • Xeon 5140 - 2.33 GHz (4 MB L2, 1333 MHz FSB, 65 W)
      • Xeon 5130 - 2.00 GHz (4 MB L2, 1333 MHz FSB, 65 W)
      • Xeon 5120 - 1.86 GHz (4 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB, 65 W)
      • Xeon 5110 - 1.60 GHz (4 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB, 65 W)
      • Xeon 5148LV - 2.33 GHz (4 MB L2, 1333 MHz FSB, 40 W) -- Low Voltage Edition


  • Clovertown - 65 nm process technology
    • Server and Workstation CPU (SMP support for dual CPU system)
    • Introduced Dec 13th 2006
    • Quad-Core
    • Intel Virtualization Technology, multiple OS support
    • EIST (Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology) in 5140, 5148LV, 5150, 5160
    • Execute Disable Bit
    • LaGrande Technology, enhanced security hardware extensions
    • SSSE3 SIMD instructions
    • iAMT2 (Intel Active Management Technology), remotely manage computers
    • Variants
      • Xeon X5355 - 2.66 GHz (2x4 MB L2, 1333 MHz FSB, 105 W)
      • Xeon E5345 - 2.33 GHz (2x4 MB L2, 1333 MHz FSB, 80 W)
      • Xeon E5335 - 2.00 GHz (2x4 MB L2, 1333 MHz FSB, 80 W)
      • Xeon E5320 - 1.86 GHz (2x4 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB, 65 W)
      • Xeon E5310 - 1.60 GHz (2x4 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB, 65 W)
      • Xeon L5320 - 1.86 GHz (2x4 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB, 40 W)-- Low Voltage Edition

[edit] Intel Core 2

  • Conroe - 65 nm process technology
    • Desktop CPU (SMP support restricted to 2 CPUs)
    • Two CPUs in one package
    • Introduced July 27, 2006
    • SSSE3 SIMD instructions
    • Number of Transistors 291 Million on 4 MB Models
    • Number of Transistors 167 Million on 2 MB Models
    • Intel Virtualization Technology, multiple OS support
    • LaGrande Technology, enhanced security hardware extensions
    • Execute Disable Bit
    • EIST (Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology)
    • iAMT2 (Intel Active Management Technology), remotely manage computers
    • LGA775
    • Variants
      • Core 2 Duo E6850 - 3.00 Ghz (4 MB L2, 1333 MHz FSB)
      • Core 2 Duo E6800 - 2.93 Ghz (4 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB)
      • Core 2 Duo E6750 - 2.67 GHz (4 MB L2, 1333 MHz FSB)
      • Core 2 Duo E6700 - 2.67 GHz (4 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB)
      • Core 2 Duo E6650 - 2.33 GHz (4 MB L2, 1333 MHz FSB)
      • Core 2 Duo E6600 - 2.40 GHz (4 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB)
      • Core 2 Duo E6420 - 2.13 GHz (4 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB)
      • Core 2 Duo E6400 - 2.13 GHz (2 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB)
      • Core 2 Duo E6320 - 1.86 GHz (4 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB)
      • Core 2 Duo E6300 - 1.86 GHz (2 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB)
      • Core 2 Duo E4500 - 2.20 GHz (2 MB L2, 800 MHz FSB, no VT)
      • Core 2 Duo E4400 - 2.00 GHz (2 MB L2, 800 MHz FSB, no VT)
      • Core 2 Duo E4300 - 1.80 GHz (2 MB L2, 800 MHz FSB, no VT)


  • Conroe XE - 65 nm process technology
    • Desktop Extreme Edition CPU (SMP support restricted to 2 CPUs)
    • Introduced July 27, 2006
    • same features as Conroe
    • LGA775
    • Variants
      • Core 2 Extreme X6800 - 2.93 GHz (4 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB)


  • Merom - 65 nm process technology
    • Mobile CPU (SMP support restricted to 2 CPUs)
    • Introduced July 27, 2006
    • same features as Conroe
    • Socket M
    • Variants
      • Core 2 Duo T7700 - 2.40 GHz (4 MB L2, 800 MHz FSB) (Santa Rosa platform)
      • Core 2 Duo T7600 - 2.33 GHz (4 MB L2, 667 MHz FSB)
      • Core 2 Duo T7500 - 2.20 GHz (4 MB L2, 800 MHz FSB)
      • Core 2 Duo T7400 - 2.16 GHz (4 MB L2, 667 MHz FSB)
      • Core 2 Duo T7300 - 2.00 GHz (4 MB L2, 800 MHz FSB)
      • Core 2 Duo T7200 - 2.00 GHz (4 MB L2, 667 MHz FSB)
      • Core 2 Duo T7100 - 1.80 GHz (2 MB L2, 800 Mhz FSB)
      • Core 2 Duo T5600 - 1.83 GHz (2 MB L2, 667 MHz FSB)
      • Core 2 Duo T5500 - 1.66 GHz (2 MB L2, 667 MHz FSB, no VT)
      • Core 2 Duo T5200 - 1.60 GHz (2 MB L2, 533 MHz FSB)
      • Core 2 Duo L7500 - 1.60 GHz (4 MB L2, 800 MHz FSB) (Low Voltage)
      • Core 2 Duo L7400 - 1.50 GHz (4 MB L2, 667 MHz FSB) (Low Voltage)
      • Core 2 Duo L7300 - 1.40 GHz (4 MB L2, 800 MHz FSB) (Low Voltage)
      • Core 2 Duo L7200 - 1.33 GHz (4 MB L2, 667 MHz FSB) (Low Voltage)
      • Core 2 Duo U7600 - 1.20 GHz (2 MB L2, 533 MHz FSB) (Ultra mobile)
      • Core 2 Duo U7500 - 1.06 GHz (2 MB L2, 533 MHz FSB) (Ultra mobile)


  • Kentsfield - 65 nm process technology
    • Desktop CPU Quad Core (SMP support restricted to 4 CPUs)
    • Introduced December 13, 2006
    • same features as Conroe but with 4 CPU Cores
    • Socket 775
    • Variants
      • Core 2 Extreme QX6800 - 2.93 GHz (2x4 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB) (Apr 9th 07)
      • Core 2 Extreme QX6700 - 2.66 GHz (2x4 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB) (Nov 14th 06)
      • Core 2 Quad Q6600 - 2.40 GHz (2x4 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB) (Jan 7th 07)
CONNECTION BITS BYTES

[edit] TTY/Teleprinter or Telecommunications device for the deaf

TTY (V.18) 45 bit/s 6 cps
TTY (V.18) 50 bit/s 6.71 cps
Note: [2]

[edit] Modems

Modem 110 baud 110 bit/s 13.75 B/s
Modem 300 baud (V.21) 300 bit/s 30 B/s
Modem Bell 103 (Bell 103) 300 bit/s 30 B/s
Modem 1200 (V.22) 1 200 bit/s 120 B/s
Modem Bell 212A (Bell 212A) 1 200 bit/s 120 B/s
Modem 2400 (V.22bis) 2 400 bit/s 240 B/s
Modem 9600 (V.32) 9 600 bit/s 960 B/s
Modem 14.4k (V.32bis) 14.4 kbit/s 1.44 kB/s
Modem 16.8k (ZyXEL) 16.8 kbit/s 1.68 kB/s
Modem 19.2k (V.32terbo) 19.2 kbit/s 1.92 kB/s
Modem 28.8k (V.34) 28.8 kbit/s 2.88 kB/s
Modem 33.6k (V.34plus/V.34bis) 33.6 kbit/s 3.36 kB/s
Modem 56k[3] (V.90) (upstream) 33.6 kbit/s 3.36 kB/s
Modem 56k[3] (V.90) (downstream) 56 kbit/s 5.6 kB/s
Modem 56k[3] (V.92) (upstream) 48 kbit/s 4.8 kB/s
Modem 56k[3] (V.92) (downstream) 56 kbit/s 5.6 kB/s
Note: [4]

[edit] ISDN

ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI) data channel (B-channel) 64 kbit/s 8 kB/s
ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI) signalling channel (D-channel) 16 kbit/s 2 kB/s
ISDN Primary Rate Interface (PRI) data channel (B-channel) 64 kbit/s 8 kB/s
ISDN Primary Rate Interface (PRI) signalling channel (D-channel) 64 kbit/s 8 kB/s
Note that effective aggregate bandwith for an ISDN installation is typically higher than the rates shown for a single channel due to the use of multiple channels. [5].

[edit] Computer buses

ISA 8-Bit/4.77 MHz[6] 9.6 Mbit/s 1.2 MB/s
Zorro II 16-Bit/7.14 MHz[7] 28.56 Mbit/s 3.56 MB/s
ISA 16-Bit/8.33 MHz[6] 42.4 Mbit/s 5.3 MB/s
Low Pin Count 133.33 Mbit/s 16.67 MB/s
HP-Precision Bus 23 MB/s
EISA 8-16-32bits/8.33 MHz 320 Mbit/s 32 MB/s
VME64 32-64bits 400 Mbit/s 40 MB/s
NuBus 10MHz 400 Mbit/s 40 MB/s
DEC TURBOchannel 32-bit/12.5 MHz 400 Mbit/s 50 MB/s
MCA 16-32bits/10 MHz 660 Mbit/s 66 MB/s
NuBus90 20MHz 800 Mbit/s 80 MB/s
Sbus 32-bit/25 MHz 800 Mbit/s 100 MB/s
DEC TURBOchannel 32-bit/25 MHz 800 Mbit/s 100 MB/s
PCI 32-bit/33 MHz 1.06666 Gbit/s 133.33 MB/s
HP GSC-1X 142 MB/s
Sbus 64-bit/25 MHz 1.6 Gbit/s 200 MB/s
PCI Express (x1 link)[8] 2.5 Gbit/s 250 MB/s
HP GSC-2X 256 MB/s
PCI 64-bit/33 MHz 2.13333 Gbit/s 266.66 MB/s
PCI 32-bit/66 MHz 2.13333 Gbit/s 266.66 MB/s
AGP 1x 2.13333 Gbit/s 266.66 MB/s
AGP 2x 4.26666 Gbit/s 533.33 MB/s
PCI 64-bit/66 MHz 4.26666 Gbit/s 533.33 MB/s
PCI-X DDR 16-bit 4.26666 Gbit/s 533.33 MB/s
PCI 64-bit/100 MHz 6.39999 Gbit/s 799.99 MB/s
PCI Express (x4 link)[8] 10 Gbit/s 1.00 GB/s
AGP 4x 8.53333 Gbit/s 1.06666 GB/s
PCI-X 133 8.53333 Gbit/s 1.06666 GB/s
PCI-X QDR 16-bit 8.53333 Gbit/s 1.06666 GB/s
InfiniBand single 4X[9] 10 Gbit/s 1.25 GB/s
UPA 1.92 GB/s
PCI Express (x8 link)[8] 20 Gbit/s 2 GB/s
AGP 8x 17.066 Gbit/s 2.133 GB/s
PCI-X DDR 17.066 Gbit/s 2.133 GB/s
PCI Express (x16 link)[8] 40 Gbit/s 4 GB/s
PCI-X QDR 34.133 Gbit/s 4.266 GB/s
AGP 8x 64-bit 34.133 Gbit/s 4.266 GB/s
HyperTransport (800 MHz, 16-pair) 51.2 Gbit/s 6.4 GB/s
HyperTransport (1 GHz, 16-pair) 64 Gbit/s 8 GB/s
PCI Express 2.0 (x32 link)[10] 160 Gbit/s 16 GB/s
HyperTransport (2.8 GHz, 32-pair) 179.2 Gbit/s 22.4 GB/s

[edit] Computer buses (storage)

PIO Mode 0 26.4 Mbit/s 3.3 MB/s
SCSI 1 (5 MHz) 40 Mbit/s 5 MB/s
PIO Mode 1 41.6 Mbit/s 5.2 MB/s
PIO Mode 2 66.4 Mbit/s 8.3 MB/s
Fast SCSI 2 (8 bits/10 MHz) 80 Mbit/s 10 MB/s
PIO Mode 3 88.8 Mbit/s 11.1 MB/s
PIO Mode 4 133.3 Mbit/s 16.7 MB/s
Fast Wide SCSI 2 (16 bits/10 MHz) 160 Mbit/s 20 MB/s
Ultra DMA ATA 33 264 Mbit/s 33 MB/s
Ultra Wide SCSI 40 (16 bits/20 MHz) 320 Mbit/s 40 MB/s
Ultra DMA ATA 66 528 Mbit/s 66 MB/s
Ultra-2 wide SCSI 80 (16 bits/40 MHz) 640 Mbit/s 80 MB/s
Serial Storage Architecture SSA 640 Mbit/s 80 MB/s
Ultra DMA ATA 100 800 Mbit/s 100 MB/s
Fibre Channel 1GFC (1.0625 GHz) 850 Mbit/s 106.25 MB/s
Ultra DMA ATA 133 1.064 Gbit/s 133 MB/s
Serial ATA (SATA-150) 1.2 Gbit/s 150 MB/s
Ultra-3 SCSI 160 (16 bits/40 MHz DDR) 1.28 Gbit/s 160 MB/s
Fibre Channel 2GFC (2.125 GHz) 1.7 Gbit/s 212.5 MB/s
Serial ATA (SATA-300) 2.4 Gbit/s 300 MB/s
Serial Attached SCSI 3 Gbit/s 300 MB/s
Ultra-320 SCSI (16 bits/80 MHz DDR) 2.56 Gbit/s 320 MB/s
Fibre Channel 4GFC (4.25 GHz) 3.4 Gbit/s 425 MB/s
Serial Attached SCSI 2 6 Gbit/s 600 MB/s
Ultra-640 SCSI (16 bits/160 MHz DDR) 5.12 Gbit/s 640 MB/s
Note that [11], [12] and [13]

[edit] Computer buses (external)

Apple Desktop Bus 10 kbit/s 1.25 kB/s
MIDI 31.25 kbit/s 3.9 kB/s
Serial RS-232 max 230.4 kbit/s 28.8 kB/s
Parallel (Centronics) CPP ~133 kHz 1 Mbit/s 133 kB/s
USB Low Speed (USB 1.0) 1.536 Mbit/s 192 kB/s
Serial RS-422 max 10 Mbit/s 1.25 MB/s
USB Full Speed (USB 1.1) 12 Mbit/s 1.5 MB/s
Parallel (Centronics) EPP 2MHz 16 Mbit/s 2 MB/s
FireWire (IEEE 1394) 100 98.304 Mbit/s 12.288 MB/s
FireWire (IEEE 1394) 200 196.608 Mbit/s 24.576 MB/s
FireWire (IEEE 1394) 400 393.216 Mbit/s 49.152 MB/s
USB Hi-Speed (USB 2.0) 480 Mbit/s 60 MB/s
FireWire (IEEE 1394b) 800 786.432 Mbit/s 98.304 MB/s
FireWire (IEEE 1394b) 1600 1.572864 Gbit/s 196.608 MB/s
Cameralink base 24bit 85MHz 2.04 Gbit/s 261.12 MB/s
FireWire (IEEE 1394b) 3200 3.145728 Gbit/s 393.216 MB/s
Note that [14].

[edit] Computer buses (MAC to PHY)

XAUI (4 Lanes) 12.5 Gbps
XGMII (32 Lanes) 10.0 Gbps

[edit] Computer buses (PHY to XPDR)

XSBI (16 Lanes) 0.9952 Gbps

[edit] Wireless device connection

IrDA-Control 72 kbit/s 9 kB/s
IrDA-SIR 115.2 kbit/s 14 kB/s
802.15.4 (2.4 GHz) 250 kbit/s 31.25 kB/s
Bluetooth 1.1 1 Mbit/s 125 kB/s
Bluetooth 2.0+EDR 3 Mbit/s 375 kB/s
IrDA-FIR 4 Mbit/s 0.51 MB/s
IrDA-VFIR 16 Mbit/s 2 MB/s
WUSB-UWB 480 Mbit/s 60 MB/s

[edit] Wireless networking

802.11 legacy 0.125 2 Mbit/s 0.25 MB/s
RONJA free source optical wireless 10 Mbit/s 1.25 MB/s
802.11b DSSS 0.125 11 Mbit/s 1.375 MB/s
802.11b+ non-standard DSSS 0.125 44 Mbit/s 5.5 MB/s
802.11a 0.75 54 Mbit/s 6.75 MB/s
802.11g DSSS 0.125 54 Mbit/s 6.75 MB/s
802.11n 540 Mbit/s 67.5 MB/s

[edit] Mobile telephone interfaces

WiDEN '
GSM CSD 2.4 to 14.4 kbit/s 0.3 to 1.8 kB/s
HSCSD upstream 14.4 kbit/s 1.8 kB/s
HSCSD downstream 43.2 kbit/s 5.4 kB/s
GPRS upstream 28.8 kbit/s 3.6 kB/s
GPRS downstream 57.6 kbit/s 7.2 kB/s
EDGE downstream 236.8 kbit/s 29.6 kB/s
UMTS downstream 1920 kbit/s 240 kB/s
HSDPA downstream 1.8 Mbit/s to 14.4 Mbit/s 225 kB/s to 1.8 MB/s
HSUPA downstream '
HSOPA downstream '
CDMA2000 1xRTT downstream '
CDMA2000 1xRTT upstream '
1xEV-DO Rev. 0 downstream 2.4576 Mbit/s
1xEV-DO Rev. 0 upstream 0.15 Mbit/s
1xEV-DO Rev. A downstream 3.1 Mbit/s 396.8 kB/s
1xEV-DO Rev. A upstream 1.8 Mbit/s 230.4 kB/s
1xEV-DO Rev. B downstream 73.5 Mbit/s
1xEV-DO Rev. B upstream '
1xEV-DO Rev. C downstream 280 Mbit/s
1xEV-DO Rev. C upstream '

[edit] Wide area network

DS0 64 kbit/s 8 kB/s
Satellite Internet upstream 64 kbit/s to 1 Mbit/s 8 kB/s to 128 kB/s
Satellite Internet downstream 128 kbit/s to 16 Mbit/s 16 kB/s to 2 MB/s
Frame Relay 8 kbit/s to 45 Mbit/s 1 kB/s to 5.625 MB/s
G.SHDSL 2.304 Mbit/s 0.288 MB/s
SDSL 64 kbit/s to 4.608 Mbit/s 8 kB/s to 576 kB/s
G.Lite (aka ADSL Lite) upstream 512 kbit/s 64 kB/s
G.Lite (aka ADSL Lite) downstream 1.5 Mbit/s 192 kB/s
ADSL upstream 64 kbit/s to 1.024 Mbit/s 8 kB/s to 128 kB/s
ADSL downstream 256 kbit/s to 8 Mbit/s 32 kB/s to 1 MB/s
ADSL2 upstream 64 kbit/s to 3.5 Mbit/s 8 kB/s to 448 kB/s
ADSL2 downstream 256 kbit/s to 12 Mbit/s 32 kB/s to 1.5 MB/s
ADSL2Plus upstream 64 kbit/s to 3.5 Mbit/s 8 kB/s to 448 kB/s
ADSL2Plus downstream 256 kbit/s to 24 Mbit/s 32 kB/s to 3 MB/s
DOCSIS v1.0 (Cable Modem) upstream 10 Mbit/s 1.25 MB/s
DOCSIS v1.0 (Cable Modem) downstream 38 Mbit/s 4.75 MB/s
DOCSIS v2.0 (Cable Modem) upstream 30 Mbit/s 3.75 MB/s
DOCSIS v2.0 (Cable Modem) downstream 40 Mbit/s 5 MB/s
DOCSIS v3.0 (Cable Modem) upstream 120 Mbit/s 15 MB/s
DOCSIS v3.0 (Cable Modem) downstream 160 Mbit/s 20 MB/s
DS1/T1 1.544 Mbit/s 192.5 kB/s
E1 2.048 Mbit/s 256 kB/s
T2 6.312 Mbit/s 789 KB/s
E2 8.448 Mbit/s 1.056 MB/s
E3 34.368 Mbit/s 4.296 MB/s
DS3/T3 ('45 Meg') 44.736 Mbit/s 5.5925 MB/s
STS-1/EC-1/OC-1/STM-0 51.84 Mbit/s 6.48 MB/s
VDSL (symmetry optional) 12 Mbit/s to 100 Mbit/s 1.5 MB/s to 12.5 MB/s
VDSL2 (symmetry optional) 12 Mbit/s to 250 Mbit/s 1.5 MB/s to 31.25 MB/s
LR-VDSL2 (4 to 5 km [long-]range) (symmetry optional) 1 Mbit/s to 4 Mbit/s 128 kB/s to 512 kB/s
OC-1 51.84 Mbit/s 6.48 MB/s
OC-3/STM-1 155.52 Mbit/s 19.44 MB/s
T4 274.176 Mbit/s 34.272 MB/s
T5 400.352 Mbit/s 50.044 MB/s
OC-9 466.56 Mbit/s 58.32 MB/s
OC-12/STM-4 622.08 Mbit/s 77.76 MB/s
OC-18 933.12 Mbit/s 116.64 MB/s
OC-24 1.244 Gbit/s 155.5 MB/s
OC-36 1.9 Gbit/s 237.5 MB/s
OC-48/STM-16 2.48832 Gbit/s 311.04 MB/s
OC-96 4.976 Gbit/s 622 MB/s
OC-192/STM-64 9.95328 Gbit/s 1.24416 GB/s
10 Gigabit Ethernet WAN PHY 9.95328 Gbit/s 1.24416 GB/s
10 Gigabit Ethernet LAN PHY 10 Gbit/s 1.25 GB/s
OC-256 13.271 Gbit/s 1.65888 GB/s
OC-768/STM-256 39.81312 Gbit/s 4.97664 GB/s
OC-1536/STM-512 79.626 Gbit/s 9.95325 GB/s
OC-3072/STM-1024 159.252 Gbit/s 19.9065 GB/s

[edit] Local area network

LocalTalk 230.1 kbit/s 28.8 kB/s
Econet 800 kbit/s 100 kB/s
ARCNET (Standard) 2.5 Mbit/s 0.3125 MB/s
Ethernet Experimental 3 Mb/s 0.375 MB/s
Token Ring (Original) 4.16 Mbit/s 0.52 MB/s
Ethernet (10base-X) 10 Mbit/s 1.25 MB/s
Token Ring (Later) 16 Mbit/s 2 MB/s
Fast Ethernet (100base-X) 100 Mbit/s 12.5 MB/s
FDDI 100 Mbit/s 12.5 MB/s
Gigabit Ethernet (1000base-X) 1 Gbit/s 125 MB/s
Myrinet 2000 2 Gbit/s 250 MB/s
Infiniband 1X[9] 2.5 Gbit/s 312 MB/s
10 gigabit Ethernet (10Gbase-X) 10 Gbit/s 1.25 GB/s
Myri 10G 10 Gbit/s 1.25 GB/s
Infiniband 4X[9] 10 Gbit/s 1.25 GB/s
Scalable Coherent Interconnect (SCI) Dual Channel SCI, x8 PCIe 20 Gbit/s 2.5 GB/s
Infiniband 12X[9] 30 Gbit/s 3.75 GB/s
100 gigabit Ethernet (100Gbase-X) 100 Gbit/s 12.5 GB/s

[edit] Memory Interconnect Buses / RAM

SPARC MBus 2.55 Gbit/s 0.32 GB/s
PC66 SDRAM 4.264 Gbit/s 0.533 GB/s
PC100 SDRAM 6.4 Gbit/s 0.8 GB/s
HP Runway bus 125MHz 64-bit 6.4 Gbit/s 0.8 GB/s
PC133 SDRAM 8.528 Gbit/s 1.066 GB/s
PC800 RDRAM (single-channel) 12.8 Gbit/s 1.6 GB/s
PC1600 DDR-SDRAM (single channel) 12.8 Gbit/s 1.6 GB/s
HP Runway bus 125MHz 64-bit DDR 16 Gbit/s 2 GB/s
PC1066 RDRAM (single-channel) 16.8 Gbit/s 2.1 GB/s
PC2100 DDR-SDRAM (single channel) 16.8 Gbit/s 2.1 GB/s
PC1200 RDRAM (single-channel) 19.2 Gbit/s 2.4 GB/s
PC2700 DDR-SDRAM (single channel) 21.6 Gbit/s 2.7 GB/s
PC800 RDRAM (dual-channel) 25.6 Gbit/s 3.2 GB/s
PC1600 DDR-SDRAM (dual channel) 25.6 Gbit/s 3.2 GB/s
PC3200 DDR-SDRAM (single channel) 25.6 Gbit/s 3.2 GB/s
PC2-3200 DDR2-SDRAM (single channel) 25.6 Gbit/s 3.2 GB/s
PC1066 RDRAM (dual-channel) 33.6 Gbit/s 4.2 GB/s
PC2100 DDR-SDRAM (dual channel) 33.6 Gbit/s 4.2 GB/s
PC2-4200 DDR2-SDRAM (single channel) 34.136 Gbit/s 4.267 GB/s
PC4000 DDR-SDRAM (single channel) 34.3 Gbit/s 4.287 GB/s
PC1200 RDRAM (dual-channel) 38.4 Gbit/s 4.8 GB/s
PC2-5400 DDR2-SDRAM (single channel) 42.664 Gbit/s 5.333 GB/s
PC2700 DDR-SDRAM (dual channel) 43.2 Gbit/s 5.4 GB/s
PC3200 DDR-SDRAM (dual channel) 51.2 Gbit/s 6.4 GB/s
PC2-3200 DDR2-SDRAM (dual channel) 51.2 Gbit/s 6.4 GB/s
PC2-6400 DDR2-SDRAM (single channel) 51.2 Gbit/s 6.4 GB/s
Itanium zx1 bus 51.2 Gbit/s 6.4 GB/s
Prototype DDR3-SDRAM (?) 68.224 Gbit/s (?) 8.528 GB/s
PC2-4200 DDR2-SDRAM (dual channel) 68.272 Gbit/s 8.534 GB/s
PC4000 DDR-SDRAM (dual channel) 68.6 Gbit/s 8.575 GB/s
PC2-5400 DDR2-SDRAM (dual channel) 85.328 Gbit/s 10.666 GB/s
PC2-6400 DDR2-SDRAM (dual channel) 102.4 Gbit/s 12.8 GB/s
컴퓨터의 기능 확장용으로 쓰이는 확장 슬롯의 규격, PCI에 대해서 간단히 쓰고자 합니다.

뭐 PCI 자체는 워낙이 오래된 것이고 다들 아시리라 생각하고, 가끔 PCI-X와 PCI-E를 혼동하시는 분 들이 있어서 정리를 해보고자 합니다.

가장 먼저 PCI에 대해서 적어야 겠네요. 10여년 가까이 PC의 거의 기본 규격으로 쓰이는 PCI는 기존의 ISA와 그 확장 규격들을 대체하기 위해 만들어 진 규격입니다.

기본적으로 32bit 33Mhz 로 동작하는 규격입니다. 이게 개발된 당시에는 상당한 양의 대역폭을 제공하는 규격으로서 부족함이 없었는데, 1990년대 말에 가까워지면서 대역폭에 한계가 발생하는 일이 생기게 되었습니다.

대표적으로 VGA인데, 3D 그래픽 처리가 기본으로 되어가면서 기존의 PCI로는 데이터 처리량의 병목현상을 피할 수 없었고, 결국 PCI를 대체하기 위해서 개발 된 것이 AGP입니다.

VGA 이외에도 기존의 PCI보다 더 많은 대역폭을 필요로하는 기기 들도 역시 생겨났는데, 대표적으로 RAID 컨트롤러등이 있습니다. (이외에도 전문 분야에선 꽤 있습니다.) 하지만 AGP는 VGA를 위하여 개발된 규격으로 일반 확장 카드들에 쓰이지는 않게 되었고, 다른 규격이 대안으로 제시 되었는데, 이것이 PCI-X (eXtended) 입니다.

즉 PCI-X는 전혀 새로운 규격이 아니고 PCI의 확장 규격입니다. 기본적으로 bit가 32bit 에서 64bit로 바뀌었습니다. 일단 여기서 대역폭이 2배로 늘어납니다. 그리고 클럭이 규격안에 따라  66Mhz 에서 100Mhz, 133Mhz등 으로 고속화 되어 대역폭이 늘어납니다.

생긴 것은 일반 PCI와 비슷한 하얀색 슬롯입니다만, 길이가 더 깁니다. 슬롯의 접촉부가 나뉘는 구간이 다르기 때문에 서로 호환이 되지 않습니다. (단, PCI-X용 카드중에서 일반 PCI에도 장착할 수 있게 개발 된 것들도 있음. 물론 성능의 하락이 있음.)

중요한 것은 PCI와 PCI-X는 기본적으로 같은 아이디어를 바탕으로 한 것인데 ,이것은 바로 패러렐 전송 방식입니다. 1990년대 후반까지도 대부분의 PC의 데이터 전송 기술은 패러렐을 기본으로 합니다. (대표적으로 하드 드라이브 인터페이스인 IDE도 패러렐입니다.) 페러렐에 대한 기술 이야기는 여기서 빼고, 중요한 것은 1990년대 후반~ 2000년대 로 오면서 패러렐의 기술 발전에 한계가 오기 시작했고, 다시금 시리얼 방식의 통신이 각광을 받고 개발이 되기 시작했다는 점입니다. (자세한 것은 나중에 다시 다룰 기회가 있으면 좋곘습니다만.. 간단히 전기가 실제로 통하는 물리적 한계가 이전과 완전히 달라져서 그렇습니다.)

하여간 시리얼 방식의 통신이 개발 되면서 각종 규격들의 변화가 오기 시작했는데, PCI의 경우가 바로 PCI-E (Express)입니다. 다시 말해서 PCI와 PCI-E는 단어는 같이 사용하지만 기술적으로  완전히 다른 개념입니다. ATA (IDE)의 경우는 SATA로 바뀌었지요. 역시 ATA가 패러렐 기술인데 반해 SATA는 시리얼 통신 기술입니다.

즉 PCI-X와 PCI-E는 완전히 다른 기술이고, 서로 전혀 호환성도 없습니다. PCI-E는 기존의 PCI, PCI-X, AGP등 구 PCI 기반 슬롯들을 완전히 대체하기 위해서 개발된 것이라 요즘 일반 보드에서도 자주 볼 수가 있습니다만, PCI-X의 경우 특정 목적으로 쓰이기 때문에 일반적인 메인보드에선 볼 수가 없습니다. (하이엔드 워크스테이션용 이나 서버용 보드에서 많이 보입니다.)

마지막으로 PCI-E 에도 다양한 규격이 있는데, 배속으로 표기합니다. 일반적인 보드에는 PCI-E 1X, (1배속, 일반 용도의 확장 슬롯) 과 PCI-E 16X (16배속, 그래픽 전용 슬롯) 가 보통 지원됩니다.

이 외에도 4배속, 8배속 등등의 규격이 또 있습니다. 이들은 특수목적의 확장을 위해 만들어진 규격이며, 대개 PCI-X 규격을 쓰던 기기들이 사용할 것으로 예상됩니다. 현재 PCI-E X4를 지원하는 보드는 흔치 않아서 아직 시장에서 아주 드물게만 찾아 볼 수 있습니다. (4배속 지원 카드들도 아직 몇몇 초기 제품이 외에는 거의 없습니다.) 하지만 앞으로 PCI-X 또한 PCI-E 규격으로 완전히 대체될 것으로 예상 됩니다.

1. 소개


LSOF는 'List Open File'의 약자로, 해당 System에서 구동되고 있는 프로세스들에 의해서 열려진 파일들을 확인 할 수 있는 툴이다. 시스템의 의심스러운 프로세스에 대한 확인이 용이하고, 설치가 비교적 쉬워 많이 이용되고 있다.

[cert:root]:/user/kong/lsof_4.56> lsof
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
sched 0 root cwd VDIR 32,0 1024 2 /
sched 0 root 0u VCHR 12,2 0t0 140375 /devices/pseudo/sad@0:user(COMMON)
.....
.....
sendmail 23403 root 13u inet 0x603ca5b8 0t2290 TCP cert:52969->211.45.162.90:smtp (ESTABLISHED)
sendmail 23403 root 14u inet 0x603ca5b8 0t2290 TCP cert:52969->211.45.162.90:smtp (ESTABLISHED)
......

[그림 1] LSOF 실행 예



2. 사용하기


■ LSOF 옵션

옵션

기 능

옵션

기 능

-?
-h

list help

-a

AND selections (OR)

-d
-D

s select by FD set
D ?|i|b|r|u[path]

+|-f

-files +filesys

-l

list UID numbers

-n
-N

no host names
select NFS files

-s

list file size

-t
-T

terse listing
disable TCP/TPI info

-v
-V

display version info
verbose search

-F [f]

select fields;-F? for help

-o o

o 0t offset digits (8)

-S [t]

t second stat timeout(15)

-i i

select by IPv4 address: [proto][@host|addr][:svc_list|port_list]

+|-r [t]

repeat every t seconds (15);
+ until no files, - forever

-b

avoid kernel blocks

-c c

list command c

-P

no port names

-i

select IPv4 files

-p s

select by PID set

-C

no kernel name cache

+|-w

Warnings (+)

-R

list paRent PID

-k k

kernelsymbols (/dev/ksyms)

-U

select Unix socket

-u s

exclude(^)/select login/UID s

-m m

kernel memory (/dev/kmem)

+|-M

portMap registration (-)

--

end option scan

-g [s]

select by process group ID set and print process group IDs

names

select named files or files on named file systems


■ 실행결과 보기

실행결과에 해당되는 각 column 들을 간단하게 살펴보면 다음 [표5] 와 같다.

Column

설 명

Command

프로세스와 관련된 Unix command 이름

PID
PPID
PGRP

Process IDentification number

Parent Process IDentification number
(해당 프로세스의 부모 프로세스 ID)

Process Group IDentification number
(해당 프로세스와 관련된 프로세스 그룹 ID)

USER

해당 프로세스를 소유한 사용자 ID 또는 login name

FD

File Descriptor number
(ex) cwd : current working directory
r : read access / w : write access / u : read and write access

TYPE

해당 파일과 관련한 노드 타입
(ex) inet : Internet domain socket

DEVICE

device number

SIZE
SIZE/OFF
OFFSET

file 이나 file offset의 사이즈

INODE
NODE-ID

local file 의 node number 또는 Internet protocol type
또는 서버 호스트의 NFS file의 inode number

NAME

해당 파일이 소속된 mount point나 파일 시스템의 이름

[표 6] lsof 실행결과의 각 Column


■ LSOF 주요 옵션 사용 예

* 특정 파일을 억세스하고 있는 프로세스 확인 : lsof <path/file-name>

[cert:root]:/> lsof /etc/passwd
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF INODE NAME
ns-httpd 244 root 9r VREG 32,0 3044 99217 /etc/passwd
....

* internet socket 확인 : lsof -i

Internet address 출력형식 : [protocol][@hostname|hostaddr][:service|port]


- 특정 호스트(또는 ip)에 대한 접속 확인

[cert:root]:/> lsof -i@172.16.2.146
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF INODE NAME
in.telnet 10124 root 0u inet 0x61d4b788 0t71 TCP cert:telnet->172.16.2.146:1109 (ESTABLISHED)
in.telnet 10124 root 1u inet 0x61d4b788 0t71 TCP cert:telnet->172.16.2.146:1109 (ESTABLISHED)
in.telnet 10124 root 2u inet 0x61d4b788 0t71 TCP cert:telnet->172.16.2.146:1109 (ESTABLISHED)
.....

- 특정 포트로 접속한 리스트 확인

[cert:root]:/usr/sbin> lsof -i @certcc.or.kr:23
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF INODE NAME
in.telnet 104 root 2u inet 0x612df850 0t152 TCP cert:telnet->172.16.2.159:1176 (ESTABLISHED)
in.telnet 28462 root 0u inet 0x61aee578 0t71 TCP cert:telnet->172.16.2.146:4250 (ESTABLISHED)
.....


* 특정 user가 오픈한 프로세스를 확인 : lsof -u <loginname> 혹은 lsof -u <UID>

[cert:root]:/> lsof -u kong
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF INODE NAME
csh 21309 kong cwd VDIR 32,4 1536 223602 /user/kong/lsof_4.56
csh 21309 kong txt VREG 32,6 158608 298136 /usr/bin/csh
.......

- 특정사용자 제외시 "^" 심볼을 사용하고, 여러명을 동시에 지정하려면 ","를 이용한다.

[cert:root]:/dev/pts> lsof -u ^root,kong,yjkim
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF INODE NAME
csh 8992 yjkim cwd VDIR 32,0 1024 2 /
csh 8992 yjkim txt VREG 32,6 158608 298136 /usr/bin/csh
csh 8992 yjkim txt VREG 32,6 70996 136979 /usr/lib/locale/ko/ko.so.1
csh 8992 yjkim txt VREG 32,6 1024888 6749 /usr/lib/libc.so.1
.....
csh 21309 kong cwd VDIR 32,4 1536 223602 /user/kong/lsof_4.56
csh 21309 kong txt VREG 32,6 158608 298136 /usr/bin/csh

* 특정 프로세스가 오픈한 파일 리스트 확인 : lsof -p <PID>

- PID 112를 가진 프로세스가 사용하는 파일들 확인

[cert:root]:/usr/sbin> lsof -p 143
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF INODE NAME
inetd 143 root cwd VDIR 32,0 1024 2 /
inetd 143 root txt VREG 32,6 33492 310933 /usr/sbin/inetd
inetd 143 root txt VREG 32,6 10696 6352 /usr (/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s6)
....
....
inetd 143 root 4u inet 0x603cab38 0t0 TCP *:ftp (LISTEN)
inetd 143 root 5u inet 0x610b13c0 0t0 TCP *:telnet (LISTEN)
inetd 143 root 6u inet 0x610b1240 0t0 TCP *:pop3 (LISTEN)
......


* ps 명령이 변조된 시스템에서는 의심스러운 포트 확인하기 예

[root@linux /root]# netstat -a
Active Internet connections (including servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 *:auth *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 *:ftp *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 *:telnet *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 *:login *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 *:2626 *:* LISTEN
.......
[root@linux /dev]# fuser -n tcp 2626
2626/tcp: 607
[root@linux /dev]# lsof -p 607
PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND
607 ? S 0:00 /usr/sbin/mingetty



참조 : http://www.superuser.co.kr/security/certcc/secu_certcc_15.htm

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